John Wayne as an American Icon Essays -- John Wayne Marion Morrison Ac

thaumaturgy Wayne as an American Icon Marion Morrison, to a fault cognise as John Wayne, is perhaps one of the most popular movie personalities ever. He began as a mere stagehand, but by the end of his race he had developed himself as a very successful actor, producer, and director. Marion Michael Morrison was born on May 26, 1907, in Winterest, Iowa. His stupefy, Clyde, worked as a pharmacist, and John Wayne thought of his father as the kindest, most patient man I ever knew. Later on in life, John Waynes father developed a critical lung disease. Wayne said that his mother, Mary was a tiny, vivacious redheaded bundle of energy. John Wayne was nicknamed The Duke after his pet as a child that was named Airedale. Early in his life, John and his parents moved to California. After graduating from high school and failing admission to Annapolis, John Wayne went to the University of Southern California (USC) and played on a football scholarship from 1925-27. During this ti me, tom turkey Mix, a friend of Johns, got him a job as a prop man for a director by the name of John crossroad. Ford and Wayne became close friends and Ford used Wayne for small parts in some of his movies. Then finally in 1930, Ford suggested to Raoul Walsh that Wayne star in The Big Trail. The consider bombed, but it was a start to Waynes career as an actor in leading roles. Waynes first feature film was also in 1930. It was titled Men Without Women. After more than seventy low-budget adventures, John Ford cast Wayne in Stagecoach in 1939. This movie is where John Wayne emerged as a major star. From this point on, there was no turning back for The Duke. But in 1963, Wayne began to have health problems. He had a cancerous lung outback(a) during in 1963. Then in 1978, he had open-heart surgery. He then had his stomach removed in 1979, just before dying from lung and stomach cancer on June 11, 1979. Throughout his career as an actor, John Wayne won a variety of different awards, achievements and accomplishments. In 1950, at the Photoplay Awards, John Wayne won his first award when he received the award for the Most Popular Male Star because of his work in the 1949 film, Sands of Iwo Jima. Also in 1950, The Duke was nominated for Best imposter at the Academy Awards for Sands of Iwo Jima. In 1953, Wayne was named the World Film Favorite male actor at the Golden Globe Awards. Seven ... ...eared in a number of Coors Beer commercials. Of course, this was done through the use of computerized virtual images. But, its bland nice to see that he still has an influence on us. It is still very common to see The Dukes face lingering around on television. Perhaps, he paved the way for such movie stars as Clint Eastwood, who also has made a name for himself through western films. Without a doubt, there will never be anyone quite as influential and all-American as The Duke. Everyone consider John Wayne. You might even say that some people were frightene d by the rugged western and the war roles that he played. When our country was off scrap World War II, John Wayne was unable to be in the military because of an inner ear problem, but reports say that his movies about war kept everyones spirits up. He was a very patriotic man in real life, not only in film, and in my opinion, he is definitely an American icon. BibliographyThe Wages of Virtue. Time Magazine 3 Mar. 1952 64-69Freer, Ian and Hamilton, Jake. The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time. Empire Magazine Oct. 1997 190Nardo, John. John Wayne. Chelsea House Publishers, 1995.

border line personalities :: essays research papers

A psyche with a borderline personality discommode a great deal experiences a repetitive pattern of disorganization and instability in self-image, mood, behavior and close personal bloods. This can stool significant distress or impairment in friendships and work. A person with this disorder can often be bright and intelligent, and appear warm, friendly and competent. They sometimes can maintain this style for a number of years until their defense structure crumbles, usually around a stressful situation like the breakup of a romantic relationship or the death of a parent.Relationships with others are intense but stormy and unstable with marked shifts of feelings and difficulties in maintaining intimate, close connections. The person may manipulate others and often has difficulty with trusting others. There is also emotional instability with marked and frequent shifts to an empty lonely depression to irritability and anxiety. There may be unpredictable and impulsive behavior whic h might include excessive spending, promiscuity, drug or alcohol abuse, shoplifting, overeating or physically self-damaging actions such as suicide. The person may show inappropriate and intense anger or rage with temper tantrums, constant brooding and resentment, feelings of deprivation, and a loss of control or consternation of loss of control over angry feelings. There are also identity disturbances with confusion and uncertainty about self-identity, sexuality, life goals and values, career choices, friendships. There is a deep-seated feeling that one is flawed, defective, damaged or bad in some way, with a tendency to go to extremes in thinking, feeling or behavior. at a lower place extreme stress or in good cases there can be brief psychotic episodes with loss of contact with reality or outlandish behavior or symptoms. Even in less severe instances, there is often significant disruption of relationships and work performance. The depression which accompanies this disorder ca n cause much suffering and can lead to serious suicide attempts. It is a common disorder with estimates running as high as 10-14% of the general population. The frequence in women is two to three times greater than men. This may be related to genetic or hormonal influences. An association between this disorder and severe cases of premenstrual tension has been postulated. Women commonly suffer from depression more often than men. The increased frequency of borderline disorders among women may also be a mo of the greater incidence of incestuous experiences during their childhood. This is believed to occur ten times more often in women than in men, with estimates running to up to one-fourth of all women.

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Authors Background Nathaniel Hawthorne was born inSalem, Massachusetts on July 4th, 1804. Hawthorne residedpoor due to his fathers death when he was four, but he washelped by relatives and enrolled in college where hedisplayed an interest in writing. In college, he met a friendwho would prove to be an invaluable help Franklin Pierce,future President of the United States. In 1825 he graduatedand lived with his uncle in Salem for 12 years, devoting histime to reading, writing, and scrapping for publication. Hespewed out several stories, but few sold for over $35 each.In 1837 Hawthorne took a job in the Custom-House inBoston. He grew bored with this work and the peoplearound him, however, up to the point where he wrote TheCustom House as an submission to The Scarlet Letter. Inthis introduction he showed the dull life of working in acustom house. From the Custom-House, he left for BrookeFarm. During his time at Brooke Farm, he met such thinkersas Emmerson and Thoreau. He also met and courted SophiaPeabody, and left Brooke Farm with her in 1842 to stay at"Old Manse", the Emmerson homestead. When Emmersonreturned to Old Manse, Hawthorne left and went to Salemto live with Sophia. From this point, Hawthorne won a jobat the Salem Custom-House due to a political appointmentfrom his college friend Franklin Pierce. However, when thepolitical winds changed to Zachary Taylor, he lost his joband prone himself to writing at his wifes insistence. Theresult was The Scarlet Letter, which was the beginning of awinnerful series of books including The House of SevenGables in 1851, The Blithedale Romance in 1852, andTanglewood Tales for Boys and Girls in 1853. With thissuccess and the aid of President Franklin Pierce, he wasappointed as US consul to Liverpool, England. This was areward for writing Pierces biography. Hawthornes finalyears are sketchy. On a navigate back to Plymouth, NewHampshire, he became deathly ill and died on May 19,1864. He was buried on Concord, Mas sachusetts. Literary extremity and Setting Literary Period Romanticism andTranscendentalism Setting Boston, Massachusetts. USA1842-1849 Characters Hester Prynne A) Hester was abeautiful young woman who lives in Boston, Massachusetts.She is proud and strong, but commits the sin of adultery withReverend Dimmesdale spot her husband is supposedly inEngland finishing up some work. Pearl is the product of thissin and Hester is forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" on herbosom for the rest of her life to show her sin. Isolated fromthe community, Hester is forced to rise a step higher than

Twelfth Night Essay: The Necessity of Cross-dressing -- Twelfth Night

The Necessity of Cross-dressing Twelfth Night The puzzle oution of Twelfth Night begins shortly after a damaging tempest shipwrecks the heroine, casting her upon inappropriate shores. Upon arrival in this strange seaport, Viola--like the Princess Leonide--dons male disguise which facilitates both employment and time enough to orient herself in this unfamiliar territory. Violas transvestism functions as symbolic of the antic nature of Illyrian society. As contemporary feminist and Shakespearean scholars are quick to point out, cross-dressing foregrounds not only the concept of role playing and so the constructed or performative nature of gender but also the machinations of power. Viola can only make her way in this alien land if she assumes the trappings--and with these garments the--privileges of masculinity. Her doublet and hose act as her passport and provide her with a livelihood, a love interest, and friendship (just as Leonides breeches allow her passage into Hermocrates garden). Violas male masquerade also calls upkeep to the more general theme of masking. As Cesario, Viola suggests that things are not always as they hold inm, that identities are protean, that self-deception rivals self-knowledge and that only Time can untie complicated knots. Coppelia Kahn points out that the cross-dressing in Twelfth... ... Critical Interpretations, ed. Harold Bloom (New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987) 43. For further discussion on renaissance gender performance and identity politics among Shakespeares cross-dressed heroines, see Michael Shapiros Gender in Play on the Shakespearean Stage Boy Heroines and Female Pages (Ann Arbor The University of MIchigan Press, 1994). 6- Elliot Krieger, Malvolio and Class Ideology in Twelfth Night, late Critical Interpretation, ed. Harold Bloom (New York Chelsea HousePublishers, 1987) 24. 7- J.M. Lothian and T.W. Craik, In troduction, The Arden Shakespeare Twelfth Night , ed. Lothian and Craik (New York Routledge, 1 991) lvi.

Anne Frank. Essay example -- essays research papers

Anne FrankThe diary of a young girlAnne was a 13 years Jewish girl that lived in Neatherlands in the time world war 2 was taking place with a bad temper, it helped work with what she wanted. Thats why she didnt get on well with her sister, her mother, and alwaysybody else. The only different one was her dad, he understood what was happening to her, ( puberty), and helped her with everything she wanted.On her birth twenty-four hours she received a diary, Anne named it Kitty, and Kitty was her best friend ever since. From the first day she had it, she would write all the thoughts, feelings and wishes she had.Her parents were sales people, that thought, that in Neatherlands they might be safe from the nazis.Her life changed, when in July of 1942, the nazis came there searching for jewish people. So the Franks took a hard decision hide from the nazis, living in the house secret room. They were shearing this room with the Van Daan family, close friends to their family.Since that day a dif ferent life started, a life they didnt imagined, and didnt know what road would take. Living in the secret room wasnt weak hiding scared every day and night, and running always with a threatening life. Worse, living with the Van Daans, a family Anne didnt like, with their little naughty daughter. Anyway, they were defend by people that gave them food and took good care of them. The Van Daans were becoming more and more impolite every day that passed, cause the compact ...

Malvolio in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay -- Malvolio Will

Malvolio in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night The problem involving Malvolio in Twelfth Night has been known for a long time but still very difficult. The gist of it is this. A lot of modern readers or spectators feel that the way in which Malvolio is treated is exceedingly bad. We expect him to become the centre of humour we know that in the business of comedy, a very puritanical and rather joyless figure is likely to deliver comedic humiliation but in this case the humiliation that Malvolio gets, seems protracted and harsh. The harshness of Malvolios treatment seemed to also have a negative effect on the ending, his view seemed to cloud the joyful atmosphere. We could argue that Malvolio bought this mistreatment on himself and perhaps deserved it after his bad treatment of the other characters In some way Malvolio thought that he had superiority over Feste and as a result treated him unsympathetically and intolerantly. He also put Feste down repeat edly. Malvolio was also a killjoy and during the put-on ...

Christian Gospel Essay

What are some ways the Christian gospel is perceived in our Culture The credo of Christian is alleged in our traditions in some customs. Most people have the perception that if you are a Christian you feel you are holier than a non-believer. What they do not understand is that, when anyone makes the choice to stupefy a Christian, they make life-long changes in their lives. On several occasions, friends and sometimes family become offended with the choices you make in becoming a Christian. In my life, my wife and I made the decision to become a Christians, we changed everything in our life, including the way we gestate.What are some specific moral, emotional, and intellectual reasons people may reject the Christian Gospel The main reasons individuals refuse the gospel is mainly due to their morals. Usually it is beliefs, marital status or political. Christianity weights a devotion to positive ethical regulations that several individuals think is old-fashioned, or prejudiced. Peopl e view Christians as being hypercritical and unenthusiastic to earn the in force(p) to be heard because of their attitudes. People who live a various lifestyle other than the Christian Gospel, we are not willing to dialog with someone.Christian Gospel is viewed as conflicting to intellectual learning. The majority of the bible is viewed as a leprechaun or myths, and several human beings are reluctant to obtain a firm glance at the worldly, for Christs life, fatality and renaissance. The Christian Gospel can be tough to grab a hold of, particularly for non-believers who really do not understand Gods savour for his children. The fact that human beings do not understand that there is somebody that loves them unconditionally. Nevertheless, when people begin to understand and have a relationship with God, they start to natural spring him their all and just dive in.What can Christians do to address these objections and better communicate the Christian gospel? To be honest, Christians sh ould reserve themselves from the noisily hypercritical, the fakes. Our actions should always spill the beans louder than words. People should see in Christians, the Jesus in them. By caring for those individuals who are still living in sin, like Jesus did, we get the right to heard. Just accusing people, and performing or behaving ungodly, in which you are acting no different from the non-believers, will not conquer the objections of the humankind.

Boo.Com, the Failure

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Boo. com, Online Fashion Retailer, Goes Out of Business By ANDREW ROSS SORKIN Published May 19, 2000 It was supposed to follow the dot-com cigarette tale script. Two young entrepreneurs devise an idea for the next big e-commerce Web site, raise enormous sums of cash, spend lavishly on advertising, lose coin on every sale, take the company public and make every employee a billionaire. Today, Boo. com, a European fashion e-tailer backed by the French highlife goods magnate Bernard Arnault, the Benetton family, Goldman, Sachs & Company and J. P.Morgan, among separates, is insolvent and has been forced to call the liquidators, six months after its net profit debut. The concept for Boo. com seemed plausible enough. Ernst Malmsten and Kajsa Leander, two 29-year-old Swedes, founded Boo. com here in 1998, planning to perform an online fashion retailer that would provide global service in seven languages and multiple currencies. And, of course, the site would use the most advanced technology. Boo. com bragged of its ability to let users envision products in three dimensions from 360 degrees, giving them a true sense of how a garment looked.Investors were so taken with the idea and its two founders Ms. Leander had been an Elite model and twain had started an online bookstore called Bokus. com that Boo. com was able raise $125 million almost immediately from an elite roster of the extremely wealthy. Before even starting Boo. com, the founders promoted the site in trade journals and glossy fashion magazines. But it was also clear that the founders were excessively ambitious. The company established its headquarters on swanky Carnaby Street in London, with planet offices in New York, Paris, Stockholm, Amsterdam and Munich.The staff expanded from 40 initially to more than 400. Employees routinely flew first class and stayed in five-star hotels, according to a former staff member. Many were given laptops and Palm Pilots for home use, accordin g to this person, and the company used Federal Express to send regular mail. They had very little spend restraint, to put it mildly, said Noah Yasskin, an analyst at the London office of Jupiter Communications, an Internet research firm. The site itself was also plagued by technical problems and delays, and took twice as bulky as anticipated to evelop. Once up and running, it became clear that users without fast connections to the Internet could not use the site, a catamenia Boo. com boasted about. That e-snobbery alienated customers with more modest modem speeds, which happened to be most of Europe and the United States, Boo. coms two most important markets. Ninety-nine percent of European and 98 percent of U. S. homes lack the bandwidth needed to easily irritate such animation, Therese Torris, an analyst at Forrester Research in Amsterdam, wrote in a report.And anyone with a Macintosh computer could not use the site. While Boo. com later alter itself to allow users with slowe r connections and Macs to gain access, the changes came too late. Sales for the first three months of the sites operation were $680,000, while the company was blowing through more than $1 million a month. The end came as Boo. coms founders, with only $500,000 left, struggled in vain to find backers to plow more money into the site. We are deeply disappointed that it has been necessary to ask KPMG to draw liquidators of the company, the co-founders and investors said in a joint statement. The senior management of Boo. com has made strenuous efforts over the last few weeks to raise the additional funds which would restrain allowed the company to go forward with a clear plan. Over the last several weeks, Mr. Malmsten and Ms. Leander, who together own about 40 percent of the company, had been pleading with investors to bet on up more. According to a spokesman for Mr.Arnault He didnt want to take the risk. He would expect been willing to stay involved if he could have had more contr ol. In fact, in an interview in Paris several weeks ago about his Internet holdings, Mr. Arnault refused to discuss Boo. com. Whether Boo. coms failure presages further problems for clothing e-tailers is unclear. But some Internet analysts said Boo. coms rise and fall reflect a problem that goes beyond just selling clothes. . The market has woken up to the fact that the amount of business e-tailers similar Boo. om generate is a lot lower than we anticipated, said Tony Shiret, an analyst at Credit Suisse First Boston in London. A key turning point was what happened in the U. S. over Christmas, he added, referring to many online retailers that reported missed sales projections. Its been disappointing. On Wednesday, PricewaterhouseCoopers released a report predicting that 25 percent of all Internet companies in Britain could exhaust their cash within six months. Still, the problems at Boo. com problems were somewhat self-inflicted, Mr.Yasskin said. They tried to do too much, he said . Opening up in multiple countries simultaneously is impossible. One major stumbling block for Boo. com may simply have been the type of merchandise it was trying to sell. If you look at successful sites, they are driven by price, Mr. Shiret said. It is very hard to sell clothing at a cost base that makes sense without the scale. Indeed, Boo. com never competed on price like most other retailers it hoped to woo customers with its interactive services and convenience.Nonetheless, Boo. com might be worth something, even if it is only a fraction of the $400 million value its founders once ascribed to the company. KPMG, which is managing the settlement process, said today that it had received more than 30 inquiries. In an interview with The Sunday Telegraph earlier this month, Mr. Malmsten admitted he might have made missteps. We have made some mistakes and we were late with our launch, yes, he said. But people are welcome to come round here into our offices and see what is going on now.

Scent of Apples Analysis

There are 4 characters of the story Scent of Apples by Bienvenido Santos. In the story, you will read about Celestino Fabia, Ruth and Roger. The qu ingestrnary character is the seed himself who also plays a role in the story. In my recent lurking on websites that feature blog posts about writing and reading fiction, I make come across an article created by a freelance writer. In her post, she explained the manner in which she writes.At first I thought I was in for a very discombobulating read, considering that her writing style was actually not average and that her method may involve serious reference to classical instructive writers found on literature textbooks. But her style was surp processionly simple. She said that ahead she lavatory write anything, she take to come up with a wizard word from which all thoughts and ideas in the article would be derived. The Scent of Apples by Bienvenido Santos reminds me of this writing style.Of course, that statement wasnt intended to pose a comparison hardly was just an effect of a serious and curious rumination of an amateur reader a sudden gush of ideas stemming from a glimpse of literary schema. Nostalgia, as it seems, is the word from which the entire short story emanates. Whats more wonderful about the literary work was that the author doesnt have to be plain-spoken to elucidate. In fact, the work is simple yet it can rival the literary audacities of other short stories. It is an established rule in writing that one needs to carefully think of a title that makes a literary work worth reading.Santos choice of title is an effortless adherence to this rule for it runs from the literal to the metaphorical and back, suggesting that various interpretations of readers from all ranges of literary exposure are appropriate. The story itself is a display of artistic versatility a confirmation that however one interprets the title, the story wont lose its meaning. For this, The Scent of Applesis more than just a s tory of an immigrant Filipino. The story opened with a brief introduction of where the author was.The imagery was superb albeit the absence of several sentences teeming with adjectives, an introduction which writers like Sarah Dunant and J. R. R. Tolkien may consider a literary Scrooge. When I arrived in Kalamazoo it was October and the war was still on. G grizzly and smooth stars hung on pennants above silent windows of white and brick-red cottages . . To compensate, however, the writer brings up a scene which everyone could relate to. And why would the physical environment matter when loneliness is already palpable in the mere look of a strangers face, enough to see and feel how longing creeps in their whole being. . . an old man burned leaves and twigs while a gray-haired woman sat on the porch, her red hands quiet on her lap, watching the smoke rising above the elms, both of them thinking the same thought perhaps, about a tall, grinning boy with his blue eyes and flying hair, who went out to war . . . The historical period in which the literary work was written also contribute to the creation of an almost tangible environment despite the sparseness of descriptive text. whizz thing that unites humans into an unwritten bond of brotherhood is the war, along with the bitterness of living during its span and surviving its cruelty.Everything seems to be reminiscent of souls sent to a competitiveness falsely thought of as great for what is great in several(prenominal)thing when it takes lives, tears hearts and ends happiness? . . . where could he be now this month when leaves were turning into halcyon and the fragrance of gathered apples was in the wind? . . . Under the lampposts the leaves shone like bronze. And they rolled on the pavements like the ghost feet of a thousand autumns long dead, long before the boys left for faraway lands without great icy winds and promise of winter early in the air, lands without apple trees, the singing and the goldAmidst the gloominess of the location, the author was expect to p individually before an audience regarding the culture of the Philippines, which was now becoming a lost country. It is when a Filipino farmer, Celestino Fabia, asked about the difference between Filipinas then and now, to which the author responded that though their physical appearance changed, they remain the pure-hearted and nice women like their past counterparts. The farmer was pleased with the answer and he invited the author over to his house so he could meet his family.During their trip to Celestinos house the next day, the author discovered what his life in the Philippines was. And when he met his family, he was struck by their easiness and contentedness. Celestinos life stories hit him with the realization that women, or people, regardless of whatever culture, possess a charitable and kind heart. That hospitality is not a racial trademark but an innate human quality. Ruth got busy with the drinks. She kept coming in and out of a rear room that must have been the kitchen and soon the table was heavy with food, fried chicken legs and rice, and green peas and corn on the ear.Even as we ate, Ruth kept standing, and going to the kitchen for more food. Roger ate like a little gentleman. Along with this, the farmers relationship with his wife manifested that theirs was a relationship beyond the notion that companionship is a commodity. They stayed with each other through thick and thin. Women, even miles beyond the Pacific, are loving, loyal and warm-hearted the same characteristics Celestino used to describe Filipinas he was acquainted with. His wife Ruth, at some extent, went way beyond the adjectives. Ruth stayed in the hospital with Fabia.She slept in a corridor outside the patients ward and in the day time helped in scrubbing the history and washing the dishes and cleaning the mens things. They didnt have enough money and Ruth was willing to work like a slave. Celestinos life seemed to hit a sensitive cord within the author for he offered to send news to his family back home. But the farmer declined. This scene creates the peak of the climactic revelations of the life of an immigrant Filipino in times of war. No matter how strong the nostalgia is, or dire the desire to be home, an exile cant leave the place to where he was banished.It may be because of fear of being long forgotten, or the consolation one gets from people who tried to complete them no matter if the attempt can only get them somewhere still far from nirvana. Whatever that is, the pain of an individual whose heart stretches to both ends of the world has no measure. And Bienvenido Santos clearly, albeit succinctly, showed all those truths. Thus, The Scent of Apples was an expected masterpiece. Besides, who else can understand things peculiar to the exile other than an exile himself?

Do You Believe That The Diagnosis And Resulting Profile Prepared By Management Analysis

Do you believe that the diagnosis and resulting profile prepared by Management Analysis Corporation was a necessary step in the work of finding potentially successful general coachs? ExplainThe profile prepared by Management Analysis Corporation is the first step in the process of finding a potentially successful of general managers, but it is non the only step. Actually, after MAC has understood very clearly the needs of Dancey Electronics, they could draft the perfect attraction. Once this was done, they could see what skills must be innate and what skills can be learned to become a leader.Then, MAC could propose one more than interview to the vistas. For example, the candidates are faced to a concrete leadinghip problem, and they need to solve it very quickly. MAC should analyze reactions of the candidates and pick the best one. This means cream the person who has the best ability to change and to adapt to a new situation. So, I do not know yet if Joe Morris could be the good candidate for leading Dancey Electronics.Moreover, I think that the analysis done by MAC is a good way to find a potentially successful assembly of general managers because it accually describes the ideal qualities of being an effective general manager and at the same condemnation gives us ideas about the relationship and task orientation of each candidate along with analysis of some important environmental factors that might have some effect on their leadership style, such as the fraternitys expectation and the subordinated expectation for the behavior of general managers.However, I think Management Analysis Corporation should analyze the behavior of the followers more. This way, MAC give know what leadership style would be the best for the group.What alternatives are available to modify Joe Morriss potential effectiveness in the new general manager position?Joe Morris has a high task orientation it means he can apply an initiating structure focused on goals and results. B ut it is not complete to lead a team up. Joe Morris has to be more relationship oriented. We know that Joe Morris has low skills in relationship orientation. But a leader needs to communicate with his team to have an influence on the behavior of the individuals. If Joe Morris does not change, he could only be a manager, but not a leader. As we learnt in class, leaders do the right things, managers do things right.According to the Fielder theory, Joe Morris can make changes to be more relationship-oriented. He can spend more informal time (lunch, leisure activities) with his subordinates. He can also request particular people for work in his group. He can be a volunteer to signal difficult or troublesome subordinates. He can suggest or affects transfers of particular subordinates into his unit. Finally, Joe Morris can raise morale by obtaining positive outcomes (special bonuses, time off, spellbinding jobs) for subordinates.Moreover, Joe Morris should follow a training session to discuss and analyze his leadership situation. This way, he can understand his performance and improve it. If Joe Morris increases his position of power, he could be a better leader because he would repair his lack in relationship orientation.Why will it be difficult for Joe Morris to modify his style of leadership?Joe Morris knows how to drum and define the relationships in the group and he establishes well-defined patterns and channels of communication, and spells out ways of getting the job done. So it is a good start. But it would be difficult for him to modify his style of leadership because it is very hard to change him. Moreover, he does not have an overall insight of the company. He needs to barrack in the group to eventually change. Considering that Joe Morris is far away from a good relationship orientation, it might be very difficult for him to understand what changes he has to do to modify his style of leadership.It also may be hard for Joe Morris to change his style o f leadership due to the argument against the path-goal theory whereby subordinates play a territoryin the leadership style of the manager. In that, Joe Morris has a low score in relationship orientation which means that his relationship with the employees may not be as effective and efficient. As a result, although Morris my want to change his leadership style type, employees may not be as willing to change given over his low relationship orientation which therefore makes it hard for him to change his leadership style.But on the other hand, according to the Leader-Member Exchange Approach, there is no consistent leader behavior across subordinates and Joe Morris can behave in different ways with his future followers than he used to. So he may not have to change his style of leadership and still be appreciated by his followers. Therefore he will become a good leader.

Paiboc Analysis

PAIBOC ANALYSIS PP Slides for following PAIBOC Analysis Note Use complete sentences and proper punctuation / grammar. Do not exceed one page. P What is your purpose or your purposes? What do you want your audience to know, think, or do? The purpose of the message is to both crop students on the responsible use of credit and credit instrument panels and to give them tools and examples of how to use debt responsibly. A Who is your target audience? Describe the typical person in the group.What personal characteristics of your target audience ar relevant to this message? The target audience would be Seniors in High School-Graduate Students in College, primarily ages 18-24. Subtarget would be those who harbour little or no direct experience managing finances or even knowledge of such things as APR, late-fees, over-limit fees, etcetera Gender and ethnicity are tangential except as defined within economic needs. I What information must you include in the message? selective information that must be include consists of relevancy of debt/credit consequences of irresponsible use of credit ways to manage credit/debt and reasonable expectations of the use of credit. B How back you build support for your strength? What reasons or benefits entrust your target audience find convincing? Support is built through real-world examples, showing how much credit actually costs, consequences to job, insurance, or qualification to be employed in certain industries ability to remain in school rather than drop out to pay for debt, etc. O What objections can you expect?How can you address the objections? Most students live in the here and now, thinking little of future consequences objections will be numerous but I need to get that x, y or z it was on sale its a great deal I needed to pay for dinner, etc. objections whitethorn be addressed by helping students categorize expenses. C What aspects of the context or situation might affect audience response? Invitation to seminar or professed(prenominal) setting may have greater effect than, say, extemporaneous speaking at a cafA or bar. Standing outside a Mall and trying to persuade students not to spend will likely have little effect.Heres the scenario its your commencement week away from home and on campus. You are registering for class, caught up in the excitement of red-hot friends, experiences, new places to visit, and dozens of vendors handing out T-shirts, Frisbees, even Ipods so whats the catch? Each of these vendors is offering you a free credit card, just sign up up today no, you dont need a job, we trust college students. If you signed on the dotted line, youll not be alone over 75% of college students have at least two credit cards, and 60% have more than two.And, did you by chance take the time to read the fine print? Did you know that the first bill you receive, even if you dont spend a dime, will include a $50 activation fee? That your interest rate is almost %30 and that if you are even one day late on your payment youre charged a $50 late fee and your interest rate rises? Well, thats the reality of the situation, and yes, the governing is trying to regulate the industry and put guidelines on credit but ultimately, it is your responsibility to manage credit.Credit is a relatively new concept in consumer economic science your grandparents had to save and l everaging most things in cash exceptions were larger bribes like a home or car. Credit also has a cost to it which will vary depending on the situation and creditor. Credit is almost essential though, you cannot shop online without a credit or debit card you may need to purchase textbooks or an apartment deposit before your Student Aid money arrives, or you may have a medical emergency or move repair that is essential for your life. However, consider the following real-world example.Seth, like you, received numerous credit card offers which he accepted. Pretty soon, he was feeling quite wonderful, cogni se he had $5,000 in money that he could spend. Now Seth wasnt a brain, but he did well in school, and made a lot of new friends who invited him out regularly for pizza and beer. Of course, not wanting to seem cheap, Seth almost always bought a few pitchers and then there was that new videodisc oh, and those fantastic tennis shoes and did we mention Seth met a special person and wanted to impress- the bill for that night out was only $400 easy, secure?Within a few months, even though Seth had made his payments on time, his cards were maxed out he owed $5,000 to three credit card companies his periodic payments were right around $300, and, heres the focal point it will take Seth 11 years to pay off that slice of pizza he had prevail week, and instead of just owing $5,000, he will pay the credit card companies almost $10,000. What a great way to start a career, right, not to mention a family? Seths story isnt over. He cut his cards and tried to act responsibly and then it came t ime for his auto insurance enewal his rates change magnitude 23% he cryed and found out it was because of his credit score. Doing a little research, Seth found out that not only does his bank and insurance company check his credit score but also potential employers, especially higher-end or technological companies, have minimum standards before they will even interview. So, whats the yen way to manage credit its easy, and can be accomplished in just four simple steps 1. Use a debit card whenever possible especially for purchases like food, gas, and entertainment. Spend only what you can and resist the urge for that immediate gratification. 2. Save your credit cards for emergencies not emergencies like a trip to Matzatlan, but real emergencies like healthcare, auto repair, textbooks, seminars, etc. Even then, manage your credit so that you can completely pay of X purchase in 6 payments maximum. 3. Never be late on your credit card payment and always pay more than the minimum if an emergency happens, call the company, most will take a payment over the phone, although some with a small fee. 4. Avoid impulse dont carry your credit card to the bar, restaurant, etc. just in case. Budget for the present and you will be budgeting for the future.PAIBOC 35 up, 18 down PAIBOC stand for purpose, audience,information, objection, context. This is most valuable thing you will ever learn in life. Without PAIBOC you are a loser and good for nothing. Just ask that english teacher from woodbridge. In real truth PAIBOC is a worthless peice of crap that is good for nothing and really wont get you anywhere. It seems as though even this teacher has not applied PAIBOC to everything because she is so bad at everything that she does. Below are some suggestions of when to use PAIBOC. while using the toilet- your purpose is to pee or poo. our audience is anyone that may be in the washroom at that time. Information you recieve is whether you managed to go pee or poo. Benefits are feeling very relieved after. Objection is if nothing will come out and it objects. Context is the circumstances as to why you had to go pee or poo. please ask yourself these questions before the next time you use the toilet. PAIBOC stands for Purpose, Audience, Information, Benefits, Objections and Context. It is an analysis technique that can be utilise to analyse whatever you want. However, it is particularly useful when analysing a piece of writing material (-ie- Portfolio or Novel).

Human Population Growth Essay

No matter what organism you are talking intimately, all living things possess the ability to reproduce. This comes in two forms. The first form of community growth is Exponential Population Growth. The second is Logistic Population Growth. Exponential population growth refers to when a population is not subject to any hold factors, it will grow and expand exponentially even past the capacitor of the environment to sustain.Rabbits are a good example of this form of population growth, Thus, the exponential growth model explains how a few dozen rabbits can multiply into millions and overrun a continent. (Simon, Reece, & Dickey, 2010) Logistic population growth refers to when a population reaches the capacity of the environment to sustain, the population growth declines. Fur seals of St.Paul Island are a good example of this, After hunting was controlled, the population increased rapidly until about 1935, when it began to level off and started fluctuating around a population size of about 10,000 bull sealsthe carrying capacity for St. Paul Island. (Simon, Reece, & Dickey, 2010) Humans tend to exhibit exponential forms of population growth. We rapidly reproduce and expand, exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment. This leads to us spreading to other areas and exceeding the carrying capacity there as well.

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Existentialism

What if every affaire gets one nothing? What if it was true that man has the power to do whatever he pleases, but in the end all of it will mean for lack of a better term nothing? This school of theme is called empiricalism, which is crucial in Tom Stoppards play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead an absurdly written response to William Shakespe ars Hamlet. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern experience times of enlightenment, humor, and sorrow throughout their journey, leading them to suppose whether their personifylihood actually has some sort of positive meaning.However, the ultimate gift of death crept up on them, without any explanation or hope, for all eternity. The ideas of existentialism are sh make in the play through unstable identities, uncertain knowledge of the past, and anti-heroes which lead to Rosencrantz and Guildensterns ultimate fate their feared deaths. Unstable identities in the play carry to the idea of existentialism by making Rosencrantz and Guildenstern indistinguishable, emphasizing their need for meaning.When introducing themselves to the Player and the tragedians, Rosencrantz announces, My name is Guildenstern, and this is RosencrantzIm sorry his name is Guildenstern and Im Rosencrantz (Stoppard 22). Their own deprivation of identity shows that the meaning in their individual lives is lost, making them into cynical, unrecognizable objects. In addition, they book lost their idiosyncrasies, creating a problem for other characters in distinguishing mingled with the two. During a discussion about the King giving them an equal amount of money, Guildenstern exclaims that the king wouldnt discriminate between them (Stoppard 104).To the King, Ros and Guil are simply two objects that are willing to assist in any way possible to him, there is no point in getting to know them individually. The Kings lack of differentiation between the two shows that Ros and Guil have lost a deeper meaning to the King, leading to the bereavement of iden tity. The ambiguous identities of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern obliged their characters to embody no purpose, inflicting the idea of existentialism. Ros and Guils doomful deaths were caused by their nonexistent individuality.The pairs past also lead them through an existential drift without meaning in their past, the pair as yet have nothing to go on. The uncertainty of Rosencrantz and Guildensterns past supplements the idea of existentialism by making the play enigmatic. While walking along the path to Elsinore Castle, Ros and Guil try out to comprehend what they are doing before making the expedition to the estate Guil asks Ros, Whats the first thing you remember? and Ros replies, Oh, lets seethe first thing that comes into my head, you mean? Ah. Its no good, its gone (Stoppard 16). Ros and Guil are not able to recollect past events due to the fact that the prior matters adhered no meaning. eve when Ros and Guil are dying, they cannot recall what they have done to deserve this with Ros crying, Weve done nothing wrong We didnt harm anyone. Did we? and Guil replies I cant remember (Stoppard 125). At their dying second, Ros and Guil are still unable to fathom what they have or have not done. Their past events are proven to be meaningless, leading them to an existential wandering containing no answers.Also through the use of anti-heroes, Stoppard made Rosencrantz and Guildenstern useless individuals who could not carry out a duty without the succor of one another. An anti-hero, in some cases, considers his or herself to be incapable of completing tasks while being corrupt, sullen, and disaffected. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern entrust each other to get through all dilemmas and yet they still become confused. When deciding what their next undertaking shall be, Guil asks Ros, What are we going to do now? and Ros replies, I dont know. What do you want to do? (Stoppard 17). apply a popular decision-making device, Ros and Guil reveal that they do not have the c onfidence to decide what to do and to execute the decision. Confidence is an indicator of optimism, responsibility, and initiative Ros and Guil occupy none of these positive attributes, giving manifestation of anti-heroes. Also, Ros and Guil count on the Kings garner to get through the peregrination, with Guil saying, Everything is explained in the letter.We count on that (Stoppard 105). Ros and Guil refer to the letter whenever a predicament arises, urging them to resolve the issue. With the letter epitomizing their fate, it is what they count on the most. The pair fails to envisage that one another and the letter were the ultimate factors that lead to their demise. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern live up to the idea of anti-heroes in existentialism by being each others hopeless backbones and depending on the letter, which leads them to their fateful deaths.Through the utilization of vacillating identities, unforeseeable knowledge of the past, and anti-heroes, existentialism augment ed Rosencrantz and Guildensterns ultimate kismet their anticipated deaths. Tom Stoppard leads Ros and Guil through an obscure existence that turns out to encompass nothing. With this, the endorser might ask, What is life without purpose? And one can say that it is certainly no life at all.

Jacob Marley Essay

A Christmas Carol is a Victorian tale that is loved by millions worldwide. It was written by Charles devil in 1843 and combines the harsh reality of p all overty in Victorian terms with the joy of Christmas and shadows. The reason why we honour at Christmas is due to Charles Dickens himself, with food, parties and the festive tactual sensation. The story also has a moral to it. It foc handlings around single man Ebenezer skinflint and his greed for money, his hate for Christmas and a journey through past, present and future.Throughout the smart Charles Dickens uses a number of techniques to get across the message of poverty and differences in class and he aims to stimulate the readers social conscience and draw attention to the plight of the poor in Victorian London. One of the main techniques that Dickens uses is to mickle the story around Christmas. Christmas is a time of happiness and celebration and Dickens emphasizes the merriness of this festive time by describing it as a joyous precedent.Dickens goes into great detail when describing the feast that is had at Christmas using phrases like its tenderness and flavor and in that location never was such a goose. But the main reason for the story to be set at Christmas is that Scrooge is the exact opposite of a festive person. He refers to Christmas as a time for paying bills without money and whenever and wherever its mentioned the famous m evince of Bah Humbug is stubbornly given as a reply. In the story Charles Dickens nephew plays a major part in trying to dribble his uncle Scrooge that Christmas time is a kind, forgivable, charitable, and pleasant time.The word charitable though, has no rigorousing any(prenominal) to Scrooge as when he is approached by two charity collectors and asked whether he would donate some money, his warm reply was to say ar there no prisons, are there no work bases? and that judgment shows his utter lack of Christmas spirit, but I bet he wish he never said that as that line comes subscribe to haunt him. Scrooge a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching covetous old sinner Hard and scheming as a flint , from which no steel had ever struck out generous raise secret and self contained, and solitary as an oyster. some other of Dickens techniques used is his detailed suit exaggeration of Scrooge. The way in which Scrooge is describe and the words used are so Dickens like, as sentence after sentence of in depth words and phrases are used. In his school days, he was very serious and was more interested in his education than Christmas. Later in his life he had a fianci e and he used to enjoy the festivities. Money then took over his life and he has rejected everyone ever since and because of this, even though he is financially richer, his life is overmuch poorer. Scrooges house isnt his it is the late Marleys.He just hasnt changed the name. As described in the book he keeps the house sort of neat. He checks each room, and from his description he keeps the house in pristine condition. In a sense his house reflects his personality. The way Dickens conveys the message, the house is quite dull. Scrooge is an accountant and manages his own rail line. Accountancy can sometimes be seen as quite dull and boring again the occupation could reflect the person within. He treats his employees in a mean way. He gives them small wages and when it is bitterly cold, he wont let them have ember for the fire.The firm is a cold dark place at any time of the year. The whole business is cold and described using words of that nature. Scrooge really believes that his business is very successful and he is undoubtedly wealthy because of its success. Surely though he has neglected the social side of life and must not be very rich emotionally. One way to describe this portrayal is by use of the weather to reflect the vitrines mood. At the beginning, cold words are used to eviscerate Scrooge, such as froze and foul weather, giving th e feeling to the reader of his coldness as a character.At the end of the novella, in contrast, he is described with warm words, for example, golden sunlight and smoked. This gives the impression to the reader that Scrooge has under gone and complete transformation from being a cold, stubborn character into a warm, caring, compassionate person. Everything he now does is in direct opposition to his actions at the beginning of the story. Another technique Dickens uses is his account of the ghosts and the metaphors he uses when describing them. The rootage supernatural being to visit Scrooge is the ghost of Jacob Marley Scrooges deceased working partner.The appearance of this spirit is directly similar to what Marley wore in his first life when he was a slave to money exactly like Scrooge. These same working habiliments show how he is still chained shoot down by the burden of money and that his afterlife has been do rather painful by being a slave to work. Marleys ghost is warnin g Scrooge that if he doesnt change his character, he will too be burdened in his afterlife. The spirit also foretells the appearance of three more ghosts. The chains clasped about his middle and all the different items that are wrought to the chain all symbolize money and greed of the spirit.The cash-boxes and the keys all represent the hiding apart of money and keeping the wealth to themselves and not sharing the abundance of money. The imagery of heavy objects such as the padlocks and steel purses show how laden the ghost is with the weight of the money. The ledgers and deeds show the detailed accounts of money and victorian ownership and this is a symbol that everything has to be accounted for, no money can pass by the testing of the accountant which is so true to Scrooges life. Apart from being immensely weighted down by his possessions of greed which held back his life, Marley was transparent.This was so obvious that Scrooge could see the two buttons on the back of his coat. This transparency conveys the sense that this person was never a normal human he was a chill figure who lacked some human qualities that most usual persons have. This is a ghost which freezes the presence around him with his shoemakers last cold eyes and his chilling influence, he is cold, like his life. He has no real centerfield and the only apparent clear images Scrooge can see of this spirit are the symbols of hoarding, selfishness and greed.

De Stijl and Bauhaus Movements: Modernism in the Soviet

Formed in Holland in 1917, De Stijl (The Style) or Neoplasticism is a movement constructed by artists whose conceits atomic number 18 in line with utopian approach to art. Its founders were painters Theo van Doesburg, who is as well as an architect, and Piet Mondrian, a painter. The group which composed of other painters, and published the paper called De Stijl. Recognizing the need to remerge art and design, the De Stijl movement promoted functionalism. The basic principle of their design include rectilinear shapes sliding across one another.Opposed to surface decoration and free put, De Stijl explored the single-valued function of cubic or 3-D shapes to fill in space. With a tendency to be aesthetically simple, it applies plainly pure primary hues, black and white (Matthews, n. d. ). From functionality, one plunder derive that the proponents favor the use of space for abstract function and style. Arts produced in this movement had their own way of expression, which opposes pure art and inborn design, but promotes other possibilities with the constructivists use of plastic art.Artists of De Stijl movement include Le Corbusier, who constructed designs using adventuresome 3-D geometrical shapes set on the out-of-door. For example, in his House at Weissenhof, the designer apply a massive horizontal block for the upper structure to attain highlight. Windows are designed similarly to reverse irregularity, thus suggesting order and functionality. Such design with the geometrical logees set on the exteriors is most commonly used nowadays in office buildings, condominiums, and malls. The square boxes are used either as terraces or box plants, and each is designed with uniformity.In some schools nowadays, this design takes the form of extended ledges, which serve as safety structures to delay falling. The United Nations Headquarters designed by Le Corbusier is another example of De Stijl art. As one can see, the building which towers high above has a sim ilar structure to the office buildings nowadays. This 39-storey building accommodates 3,400 employees. The side walls are made of tinted glass, while the narrow end walls are of white marble. Considerably, buildings made subsequently take on this example, with tinted glass windows as walls, which combine high aspects of functionality with aesthetics.Although short-lived, the influence of De Stijl has been very prominent in the modern era. For instance, the concept of the toy Lego, which uses plastic art to construct structures, has been very popular among children. Also, many buildings and houses have been constructed based on the philosophy of this movement. Influenced by De Stijl, the Bauhaus movement followed, with a philosophy of turning away from old structures, and employing modern or international art with a higher sense of functionality for social and political purposes.Led by Walter Groupis, the artists focused on urban planning, housing, and development for the common peop le or the masses. Included in the teaching of Bauhaus arts is industrial production. Unlike De Stijl which supports plastic art, students under Bauhaus are taught to work on handicrafts to gain understanding of theoretical principles. whiz Bauhaus artist well-famed for designing multi functional buildings is Walter Gropius. Designed in 1911, Fagus Works boasts of modern art and style.The exterior is a combination of glass and brick walls, which allows passersby to view the interiors. Steel staircases adorn the corridors and add to the eclectic impression when viewed outside. Influenced by De Stijl, this building employs elucidative design but limited colors of beige and grey, thus striking a balance amidst simplicity and grandiose. Moreover, the use of bricks and glass, steel and wood for staircases also sets a balance between smooth and rough surfaces, or hard and soft, which further suggests both permanence and impermanencea oecumenical theme in the modern world.References Jiro usek, Charlotte. (1995). De stijl. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http//char. txa. cornell. edu/art/decart/destijl/decstijl. htm Matthews, Kevin. Le Corbusier. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http//www. greatbuildings. com/architects/Le_Corbusier. html Matthews, Kevin. Walter Gropius. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http//www. greatbuildings. com/buildings/Fagus_Works. htmlhttp//www. google. com. ph/search? sourceid=navclient&hl=tl&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4GGLJ_tlPH259PH259&q=soviet+de+stijl+artists

Mass media violence and the effects on children Essay

Violence on television has been an complete that has plagued man from the day it was invented. Numerous shows draw run into violent acts such as rape, murder, and other(a)wise such acts that close to(prenominal) people consider inappropriate for adolescents. accord to some studies the fairish nestling interpretes roughly 27 hours of television week. In some cases it is as much as 11 hours a day on a weekend. With the current amount of strength that is on television today these corresponding studies estimate that the average child sees 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of emphasis before finishing elementary school.In 1992, thither were over 1,800 acts of violence shown on television a day, over 360 those showed an act involving guns. Media kitchen stoves National tv Violence Study found that 57% of television programs aired in 1994 and 1995 catched some violence most of these were cartoons. So the question is, should we ban violence from the television or should we respectable leave it the appearance it is? Some people consider that it should be banned from stations that show childrens programs to prevent the exposure of those children.Sometimes children see a great amount of violence on television, they pose to think that this is refine and start to imitate the acts that they see on television, which atomic number 18 non the things that the p arents want the children to gain from. One example of this is a thirteen-year-old boy who shot his best friends father and so put salt in the wounds. When he was asked why he did this he said that he had seen the same thing on a movie the day before.Psychological research has shown three major do of seeing violence on television Children may come slight sensitive to the pain and harm of others. Children may be more than fearful of the world around them Children may be more believably to be fox in aggressive or harmful shipway toward others. Children who watch a contend of TV are slight aroused by violent scenes than are those who only watch a teentsy in other words, theyre less bo at that placed by violence in general and less likely to any(prenominal)thing ill-treat with it.One example in several studies, those who watched a violent program alternatively of a nonviolent unmatched were slower to intervene or to c e actually last(predicate) for help when, a curt later, they saw younger children fighting or playacting destructively. Children often behave differently after theyve been watch violent programs on TV. In one study dupee at Pennsylvania State University, about 100 preschool children wereobserved both before and after watching television some watched cartoons that had a lot of aggressive and violent acts in them, and others watched shows that didnt have any kind of violence.The first group were less likely to share and more prone to hit or be destructive. Prime time programs average eight hostile acts per hour childrens shows four times as much. Pe ople as a society today tend to over react to incidents where children are involved. The problem arises when some demented child who has serious mental problems and cant define reality and fiction does a horrendous abomination and blames all his problems on a show that he saw where two people kill severally other.I can see the relevance of this argument only if I cant honestly believe that 50% of children cant tell the difference between reality and the images they see on television. Without being taught children make their own assessments of the reality status of television programs. The opposing sides of this issue are the parents whose children are viewing the violent material and the television stations that broadcast the shows. Parents can help by effective observing their children. Because there is a great deal of violence in both adult and childrens programming, ripe limiting the number of hours children watch television will probably reduce the amount of onslaught they see.In addition Parents should watch at least one episode of the programs their children watch.Parents can encourage their children to watch programs that demonstrate helping, caring and cooperation. Parents can protect children from excessive TV violence in the following ways Point out that although the actor has non actually been hurt or killed such violence in real life results in pain or death. Refuse to let the children see shows cognize to be violent, and change the channel or turn off the TV set when something offensive comes on, with an explanation of what is wrong with the program. Disapprove of the violent episodes in front of the children, stressing the belief that such behavior is not the best way to resolve a problem. To offset peer pressure among friends and classmates, contact other parents and agree to enforce identical rules that limit the length of time and type of program the children may watch. Studies show that these non-violent types of programs can infl uence children to become more kind and considerate.Although there are different views on the impact of TV violence, one actually strong summary is provided by Eron (1992) in his recent congressional testimony There can no longer be any doubt that heavyexposure to televised violence is one of the causes of aggressive behavior, annoyance and violence in society. The evidence comes from both the laboratory and real-life studies. Television violence affects youngsters of all ages, of genders, at all socio-economic levels and all levels of intelligence.The effect is not express mail to children who are already disposed to being aggressive and is not restricted to this country. The fact that we get this same finding of a relationship between television violence and aggression in children in study after study, in one country after another(prenominal) cannot be ignored. The causal effect of television violence on aggression, even though it is not very large, exists.It cannot be denied or explained away. We have demonstrated this causal effect outside the laboratory in real-life among many different children. We have come to believe that a vicious cycle exists in which television violence makes children more aggressive and these aggressive children turn to watching more violence to justify their own behavior. (p. 1)others believe that violence makes television more interesting and that if you take it off the air that the programs will be more boring and that they will go to the networks that are showing the violent programs that are interesting. The problem with this issue is the effective of spare speech. The networks have the right to show any thing that they want. The government does regulate some of the programs but they cant see them all. Television viewers argue that if networks were forced to take the violence off the air that they would lose viewers and then they would lose the sponsors that they depend on. They also believe that this would be denying thei r freedom.Television stations have received many complaints from the public regarding the content of the violent shows that they show on their networks. A poll was taken in March 1993 showed that 72 percent of Canadians believe that TV entertainment shows contain too much violence. Major networks like NBC and CBS have received a great deal of reproof because there are viewed the most. However the major networks have said that most of the violence is shown on railway line networks and not on their networks. Some networks are saying that violence is not the worst thing on TV.They say that sex, drug use, and alcohol abuse on television is more influential than the violence that is shown. As a result, the networks do not think about limiting the violence onprograms is as immense a priority as limiting the sexual content or the drug use. The government has the right to cancel or edit any program that they see fit but the problem is that they dont see all the programs before they are a ired to the public. But because of the pressure of society, networks are turn diligent in keeping a leash on what is said and done on their stations. recent technology has come up with ways to regulate the violence and the type of television watched by kids. The pass of 1993 marked an important milestone for the issue of television violence. Due to the work of Senator Paul Simon (D-IL), the industry met and discussed the issue media violence with media activists. For the first time the industry leaders acknowledged that there might be some reason for concern. The broadcast industry and the cable industry both agreed to observe their offerings for levels of violence. UCLA was chosen to monitor broadcast television, while Media scope was contracted to do the same for cable television.The final V-chip may not be a chip, but a modification of lively technology in TV sets, i.e., and the closed-captioning system. harmonise to industry spokesmen, modification to the existing closed-ca ption to include the V-chip rating would not be difficult. A rating commandment would be carried within an unused portion of the television signal, the black bar that appears when the horizontal hole on a television set goes out of whack and the picture rolls. It would be an improvement over existing technology that allows parents to block an entire channel, since the V-chip could automatically block-selected programs.The Electronic Industries crosstie has been working on a V-Chip technological standard for more than 3 years. Many people have comments on the v-chip. President Bill Clinton looks on the V-Chip as giving the remote control back to the parent. The administration supported the V-Chip and has aided in the make-up of a means to create a rating system. Senator Paul Simon, a longtime critic of the industry, surprise and disappointed many when he opposed the concept of the V-Chip and the legislation, which incorporates it into new television set.In an article written for Business Wire and also in a speech on the floor of the Senate he argues that The V-chip is no substituting for the industry disciplining itself in areas of high crime where children watch 50% more TV, the V-chip would not be used Teenagerswill find a way around the V-chip. They will see the programs at the homes of other children it will take years for the V-chip to be in all TV sets TV needs to be cleaned up now. Will the V-chip distinguish between gratuitous, glamorized violence and other types? Will broadcasters shy away from any programming deemed to be violent? It will be a pro for cable and a prohibit for broadcast television. Yet it is broadcast television that has made the most progress in lessening violence. For 10- to 14- year-old males a negative rating will have drawing effect. In short the V-chip is a gimmickthere are some problems however with the v-chip. Some of these are There will certain(prenominal)ly be problems that are related to the implementation o f the rating system and the use of the V-chip. Will the rating be carried just at the beginning of the program or will the rating be carried throughout the program so if a program is turned on in progress the rating will be read by the chip and the program will be blocked? Would each episode of a show be rated or would shows be given just one rating, regardless of content from week-to-week? If R ratings are limited to a post-9PM, would that mean that reruns of those shows could not air in the lucrative 7 PM8 PM time known as prime access, when the studios make their money back on programming? Some worry that a more detailed rating system could be used by pressure groups to target certain television programs. Advertisers could be forced not to advertise certain rating categories. It will be a huge job to rate 300,000 hours a year, plus the programs that are available for re-runs. The violence that is on TV is not the only way that children are exposed to.Video games are more base d to violence because they sell more than any other type of game. Music is also a very dependable way to expose children to violence. Here are some facts related to the topic that I found on the meshwork about games, the Internet, TV, and euphony industry. VIDEO GAMES AND CYBERSPACE VIOLENCE The Internet, a global network of networks is not governed by a government or private entity. This vacuum leaves no checks or limits on the information maintained or made accessible to users. No person or entity ownsthe Internet, leaving no one accountable for the accidents, which occur, on its highways. The incidence of violence on the Internet is difficult to quantify because the technology has travel faster than our capability to monitor it. Evidence of violence is anecdotal rather than statistical mainly because communion on the Internet is private.Reported cases of abuse are relatively infrequent, but as the technology continues to advance, there is potential for great harm as well as great good. The Oklahoma bombing louche obtained a copy of the Turner Diaries, a book which advocates the violent overthrow of government, off the Internet. Whereas before, one would have had to know exactly where to look and be pre-disposed to search for the book, the Internet made it easily accessible to a global audience. Although there has been less research on the effects of violence in video games and the Internet because they are new and changing technologies, there is little reason to doubt that findings from other media studies will go through here too. Young children instinctively imitate actions they observe, without always possessing the intellect or maturity to determine if such actions are appropriate.Due to their role-modeling capacity to promote real world violence, there is deep concern that playing violent video games, with their fully digitalized human images, will cause children to become more aggressive towards other children and become more tolerant of, and more likely to engage in, real-life violence. MUSIC VIOLENCE The Parents Music imaginativeness Center reports that American teenagers listen to an estimated 10,500 hours of rock music between the 7th and 12th grades alone just 500 hours less than they spend in school over twelve years. Entertainment Monitor report that only 10 of the top 40 popular CDs on sale during the 1995 holiday season were free of profanity, or lyrics dealing with drugs, violence and sex. A recent survey by the Recording Industry Association of America found that many parents do not know what lyrics are contained in the popular music their children listen to. In September 1995, Warner Music Group bowed to public pressure and announced it was severing its 50% stake in Inters cope Records, home to Nine-Inch Nails and controversial rap artists Snoop Doggy Dog, Dr. Dre. , and Eminem. spigot artists simply turned to a different distribution network and their CDs continue to hit the stores with lyrics, which g lorify guns, rape, andmurder.Bibliographyhttp//tvschedules.about.com/tvradio/tvschedules/msubviolence.htm?iam=mt&terms=%2Bchildren+%2Band+%2Bviolence+%2Bon+%2Btelevision http//interact.uoregon.edu/mediaLit/FA/MLArticleFolder/kalin.html http//www.aap.org/advocacy/childhealthmonth/media.htmhttp//www.nctvv.org/http//www.sofcom.com.au/TV/violence.htmlhttp//www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/social/tv.htmNAESP Homepage, http/www.owt.com/cheifjo/qtvviolc.html,2000

My one Point Presentation Essay

What are the three strongest reasons to support your point of view?1. Media Habits Aggressive Attitudes and Behaviors2. Impact on media craze on kids and young adults on the rise3. Children and adults alike have become additiveI. Introduction characterization games have been in existed since the 1970s, but it was not until the 1990s that violent games came of age. Due to the numerous school shootings since the 1990s, it attracted the solicitude of nation. Over the years, violent video games used both by children and adults have increased.II. Body1. Media Habits Aggressive Attitudes and Behaviors honest findinga. Y step to the foreh violence resulting in deaths and injuries has direct and indirect costs in excess of $158 million each year.b. Video game habits are significantly related to childrens hostile attribution scores, the relative frequency with which they get into arguments with teachers (by self-report), their grades, and their levels of hostility.2. Impact on media vio lence on kids and young adults on the rise?Statisticsa. 90% of U.S. young aged eight to 18 play video games, with boys averaging about 19 hours a week and girls 5 hours a week.b. 70% of fourth to 12th graders report playing Mature-rated games (suitable for those 17 and older), which contain the some graphic violence of all.c. Children & College students who had played the violent childrens game displayed a 40% higher onset rate than those who had played a nonviolent game.3. Children and adults alike have become addictive.Testimonya. 10 share to 15 percent of gamers meet the World Health Organizations criteria for dependance.b. 88% of young race in the U.S. play video games, indicating that up to three million could be showing signs of addictionc. across the nation survey ages 8 to 18 found that 1 in 12 teens show signs of behavioral addiction to video games.III. ConclusionAfter 50 years of studying video games and trying to figure out what the cause that violent video games h ave on kids and young adult. We are still no close-set(prenominal) to knowing the exact answer. With games today being more realistic and bloodier than ever yet it is not at all clear whether, over longer periods, such a habit increases the likelihood that a somebody will commit a violent crime, like murder, rape, or assault, much less a Newtown or Columbine massacres. It is our responsibility to know our limits withanything in life, bottom line we will be held accountable for our actions.

Question Bank International Business Essay

Chapter 07Foreign Direct Investment truthful / False Questions1. (p. 242) A rigid becomes a multinational enterprise when it undertakes extraneous admit enthronement. legitimate2. (p. 242) Licensing involves the presidential term of a new operation in a irrelevant state of matter. FALSE3. (p. 242) If a firm that mentions bi bikes in Ger some acquires a French bicycle make upr, Greenfield enthronement has taken place. FALSE4. (p. 242) The kernel of FDI undertaken oer a precondition time period is cognise as the persist of FDI. rightful(a)5. (p. 242) The total collect value of conflicting-owned assets at a given time is the inflow of FDI. FALSE6. (p. 242) FDI is seen by executives as a means of circumventing emerging trade barriers. accredited7. (p. 244) Historic altogethery, near FDI has been necessitateed at the au accordinglytic nations of the macrocosm as firms based in advanced countries invested in the seduceer(a)s grocerys. confessedly8. (p. 246) The to tal amount of enceinte invested in factories, stores, office buildings and the like is referred to as the line of FDI. FALSE9. (p. 246) The largest source outlandish for FDI has been China. FALSE10. (p. 247) About 27 percent of the worlds largest 100 nonfinancial multinationals in 2004 were American companies. true up11. (p. 247) In growing countries, about one leash of FDI is in the form of mergers and achievements. full-strength12. (p. 248) In 2004, about two thirds of FDI stock was in receipts industries. veritable13. (p. 249) As comp ard to exporting and licensing, FDI is the more(prenominal) expensive and risk of infectiony. TRUE14. (p. 250) Internalization possibleness is in like manner known as the marketplace imperfections approach. TRUE15. (p. 250) One of the problems of licensing is that it may result in a firms well-favored away valuable technological know-how to a potential contrasted competitor. TRUE16. (p. 251) An oligopoly is an intentness composed of a limited number of large firms. TRUE17. (p. 252) When two or more enterprises encounter each different in different regional markets, national markets or industries regional competition occurs. FALSE18. (p. 252) check to Vernon, pickle limited advantages can help explain the nature and takeion of FDI. FALSE19. (p. 253) Dunning, in the eclectic persona scheme, suggests that a firm must establish work facilities where foreign assets or option endowments necessary to the increaseion of the ingathering exist. TRUE20. (p. 254) Pragmatic patriotism traces its roots to Marxist semipolitical and frugal theory. FALSE21. (p. 254) immaculate scotchs and the planetary trade theories of Adam Smith and David Ricardo form the basis for the exhaust market expression. TRUE22. (p. 255) The free market view argues that FDI is a benefit to both(prenominal)(prenominal) the source realm and to the host terra firma. TRUE23. (p. 255) Countries adopting a pragmatic stance pursue policies designed to maximize the national benefits and minimize the national be. TRUE24. (p. 256) An aspect of pragmatic nationalism is the tendency to aggressively court FDI believed to be in the national affaire by, for example, offering subsidies to foreign MNEs in the form of tax breaks or grants. TRUE25. (p. 257) Foreign direct investiture can make a confident(p) contribution to a host economy by give heavy(p), applied science and management resources that would otherwise not be available and thus boost that unsophisticateds economic growth rate. TRUE26. (p. 258) There is research supporting the view that multinational firms oftentimes air significant technology when they invest in a foreign res publica. TRUE27. (p. 258) Jobs created in local suppliers as a result of the MNEs investment and trades created because of increased local spending by employees of the MNE be examples of direct purpose effectuate of FDI. FALSE28. (p. 258) array country citizens that arg on employed by an MNE following an FDI argon an example of an indirect effect of FDI. FALSE29. (p. 259) A countrys rest period of payments accounts keep excision of both its payments to and its receipts from other countries. TRUE30. (p. 259) A current account deficit exists when a country imports more than it exports. TRUE31. (p. 259) In recent years, the U.S. has run a persistent balance of payments surplus. FALSE32. (p. 260) Host governments sometimes worry that the subsidiaries of foreign MNEs may seduce greater economic power than indigenous competitors. TRUE33. (p. 261) FDI does not benefit the host countrys balance of payments if the foreign subsidiary creates demand for home-country exports of capital equipment, intermediate skillfuls or complementary reapings. FALSE34. (p. 262) The term offshore intersection refers to FDI undertaken to servethe home market. TRUE35. (p. 263) Countries cannot prohibit national firms from investing in certain countries for political rea sons. FALSE36. (p. 264) The two most crude methods of restricting inward FDI argon self-possession restraints and performance requirements. TRUE37. (p. 265) The WTO has been very successful in efforts to start talks aimed at establishing a universal set of rules designed to promote the liberalization of FDI. FALSE38. (p. 266) Licensing is a good option for firms in high-tech industries where protecting firm-specific expertise is of paramount importance. FALSE39. (p. 266-267) Typic completelyy licensing lead be a common strategy in oligopolies where competitive interdependence requires that multinational firms maintain idiotic bind over foreign trading operations so that they have the ability to launch coordinated attacks against their orbicular competitors. FALSE40. (p. 267) Licensing is more common in fragmented, low-tech industries in which orbicularly dispersed manufacturing is not an option. TRUEMultiple Choice Questions41. (p. 242) FDI occurs when aA. Domestic firm im ports products and services from another country B. Firm ships its product from one country to anotherC. Firm invests in the stock of another caller-upD. Firm invests at present in facilities to maturate and/or market a product in a foreign country42. (p. 242) A Greenfield investmentA. Is a form of FDI that involves the establishment of a new operation in a foreign country B. Involves a 7 percent stock in an acquired foreign business entity C. Involves a merger with a foreign businessD. Occurs when a firm acquires another company in a foreign countr 43. (p. 242) If General Electric, a U.S. based corporation, purchased a 50% touch in a company in Italy, that purchase would be an example of a(n) A. Minority acquisitionB. Outright stakeC. Majority acquisitionD. Greenfield investment44. (p. 242) The amount of FDI undertaken over a given time period is A. The flow of FDIB. The stock of FDIC. The FDI natural springD. The FDI inflow45. (p. 242) The stock of FDI isA. The amount of FDI undertaken over a given period of timeB. The total accumulated value of foreign owned assets at a given time C. The flow of FDI out of a countryD. The flow of FDI into a country46. (p. 242) FDI has been rising for all of the following reasons, get out A. The globalization of the world economyB. The general increase in trade barriers over the past 30 years C. Firms atomic number 18 trying to circumvent trade barriersD. There is a shift toward democratic political institutions and free market economies47. (p. 244) Historically, most FDI has been directed at the _____ nations of the world as firms based in advanced countries invested in A. Underdeveloped, evolution countriesB. Developed, underdeveloped countriesC. Developed, each others marketsD. Underdeveloped, each others markets48. (p. 244) The U.S. has been an attractive target for FDI because of all of the following reasons, except A. Its small and wealthy interior(prenominal) marketsB. Its dynamic and stable economyC. Its f riendly political environmentD. Its openness to FDI49. (p. 244) Identify the incorrect statement regarding the direction of FDI. A. Historically, most FDI has been directed at the developing nations of the world B. During the 1980s and 1990s, the United States was often the favorite target for FDI inflows C. The developed nations of the EU have received significant FDI inflows D. Recent inflows into developing nations have been targeted at the emerging economies of South, East and Southeast Asia 50. (p. 246) Africa is not a popular destination for FDI because of all of the following reasons, except A. Political unrest in the regionB. build up conflict in the regionC. Liberalization of FDI regulationsD. Frequent policy changes in the region51. (p. 246) The total amount of capital invested in factories, stores, office buildings and the like is summarized by A. Gross fixed capital formationB. descend investment capitalC. Total tangible investmentD. Gross depreciable investments52. ( p. 246) The largest source country for FDI since World fight II has been A. JapanB. ChinaC. The United StatesD. The United Kingdom53. (p. 247) Most cross-border investment isA. In the form of Greenfield investmentsB. Made via mergers and acquisitionsC. Between American and Japanese companiesD. Involved in building new facilities54. (p. 247) Which of the following is not a reason wherefore firms prefer toacquire existing assets or else than undertake green-field investments? A. Foreign firms are acquired because those firms have valuable strategic assets B. Firms make acquisitions because they believe they can increase the efficiency of the acquired unit by change overring capital, technology or management skills C. Even though Greenfield investments are comparatively less risky for a firm acquisitions always yield higher profits D. Mergers and acquisitions are quicker to execute than green-field investments 55. (p. 247) In developing nations most FDI inflows are in the form of A . MergersB. Greenfield investmentsC. AcquisitionsD. Non-profit organizations56. (p. 248) The sector composition of FDI shows that by 2004 approximately _____ of FDI stock was in service industries. A. One fourthB. One thirdC. Two thirdD. Half57. (p. 248) The rise in FDI in the services sector is a result of all of the following, except A. The general move in many developed countries away from manufacturing and toward services B. Accelerating regulations of servicesC. some(prenominal) services cannot be traded internationallyD. Many countries have liberalized their regimes governing FDI in services 58. (p. 248) When strategic assets such as brand loyalty, customer relationships or distribution systems are important, _____ investments are more appropriate. A. Merger and acquisitionB. GreenfieldC. PortfolioD. New construction59. (p. 249) _____ involves granting a foreign entity the right to produce and sell the firms product in return for a royal house fee on every unit sold. A. Hori zontal FDIB. LicensingC. Vertical FDID. Greenfield investment60. (p. 249) In a licensing arrangement, the _____ bears the risk and cost of opening a foreign market. A. LicenseeB. LicensorC. Acquiring firmD. Greenfield investor61. (p. 250) Identify the theory that seeks to explain why firms often prefer foreign direct investment over licensing as a strategy for debut foreign markets. A. Internalization theoryB. internationalisation theoryC. Perfect markets theoryD. Small markets theory62. (p. 250) fit in to the internalization theory, all of the following are drawbacks of licensing as a strategy for exploiting foreign market opportunities, except A. Licensing does not grant bear over manufacturing, market and to a licensee in return for a royal family fee B. Licensing may result in a firms giving away its know-how to a potential foreign competitor C. Licensing does not give the firm the tight control over manufacturing, marketing and strategy that may be required to profitably exploit its advantage D. A firms capabilities such as the management, marketing and manufacturing are often not amenable to licensing 63. (p. 250) ______ is also known as market imperfections theory. A. Internationalization theoryB. Internalization theoryC. Perfect markets theoryD. Small markets theory64. (p. 251) If four firms control 80 percent of a domestic market, then ______ exists. A. An oligopolyB. A monopolyC. An oligarchyD. Vertical integration65. (p. 251) According to KnickerbockerA. The firms that pioneer a product in their home markets undertake FDI toproduce a product for consumption in a foreign market B. When a firm that is part of an oligopolistic industry expands into a foreign market, other firms in the industry entrust be compelled to make similar investments C. Combining location-specific assets or resource endowments and the firms own eccentric assets often requires FDI D. Impediments to the sale of know-how increase the profitability of FDI relative to licens ing 66. (p. 252) The eclectic paradigm was developed byA. F. T. KnickerbockerB. Adam SmithC. irradiationmond VernonD. John Dunning67. (p. 252) When two or more enterprises encounter each other in different regional markets, national markets or industries, in that respect is A. Vertical integrationB. Horizontal integrationC. Multipoint competitionD. Monopolistic competition68. (p. 252) The product life cycle suggests thatA. Often the same firms that pioneer a product in their home markets undertake FDI to produce a product for consumption in foreign markets B. When a firm that is part of an oligopolistic industry expands into a foreign market, other firms in the industry will be compelled to make similar investments C. Combining location-specific assets or resource endowments and the firms own unique assets often requires FDI D. Impediments to the sale of know-how increase the profitability of FDI relative to licensing 69. (p. 253) The _____ suggests that a firm will establish mat hematical product facilities where foreign assets or resource endowments that are important to the firm are located. A. Product life cycleB. Strategic behavior theoryC. Multipoint competition theoryD. Eclectic paradigm70. (p. 253) Advantages that arise from using resource endowments or assets that are tied to a particular location and that a firm finds valuable to combination with its own unique assets are known as A. Location specific advantagesB. Resource specific advantagesC. militant advantagesD. Directional advantages71. (p. 253) John Dunning, a champion of the eclectic paradigm, argues that A. The firms that pioneer a product in their home markets undertake FDI to produce a product for consumption in a foreign market B. When a firm that is part of an oligopolistic industry expands into a foreign market, other firms in the industry will be compelled to make similar investments C. Combining location-specific assets or resource endowments and the firms own unique assets often re quires FDI D. Impediments to the sale of know-how increase the profitability of FDI relative to licensing72. (p. 254) According to the _____ view of FDI, MNEs extract profits from the host country and take them to their home country, giving nothing of value to the host country in exchange. A. ImperialistB. blimpishC. Free marketD. Radical73. (p. 254) Which of the following is not a reason that the radical position of MNEs was in retreat by the end of the 1980s? A. The strong economic performance of those developing countries that embraced capitalism quite an than radical ideology B. The collapse of communism in Eastern EuropeC. The generally abysmal economic performance of those countries that embraced the radical position D. A growing belief in many capitalist countries that MNEs tightly controls key technology and that important jobsin the MNEs foreign subsidiaries go to home-country nationals74. (p. 255) According to _____ international production should be distributed among co untries according to the theory of comparative advantage. A. The radical viewB. The eclectic viewC. Pragmatic nationalismD. The free market view75. (p. 256) A distinctive aspect of _____ is the tendency to aggressively court FDI believed to be in the national interest by, for example, offering subsidies to foreign MNEs in the form of tax breaks or grants. A. The despotic viewB. Pragmatic nationalismC. The radical viewD. The conservative view76. (p. 257) When a company brings capital and/or technology to a host country, the host country benefits from the A. Competitive effect of FDIB. The resource transfer effect of FDIC. The balance of payments effect of FDID. The effect on competition and economic growth77. (p. 258) When jobs are created in local suppliers as a result of the FDI and when jobs are created because of increased local spending by employees of the MNE, the MNE has a _____ effect on employment. A. DirectB. IndirectC. InwardD. Outward78. (p. 259) A _____ keeps track of a countrys payments to and its receipts from other countries. A. Federal payments ledgerB. Current accounting systemC. Checks and balances accountD. remnant of payments account79. (p. 259) The _____ tracks the export and import of goods and services. A current account deficit or trade deficit as it is often called, arises when a country is importing more goods and services than it is exporting. A. Current accountB. debit entry accountC. Surplus accountD. Capital account80. (p. 261) Three costs of FDI concerns of host countries arise from all of the following except A. indecorous effects on competition within the host nationB. Adverse effects on the balance of paymentsC. The perceived loss of national sovereignty and autonomyD. Debit on the current account of the home countrys balance of payments81. (p. 262) FDI undertaken to serve the home market is known as A. Greenfield investmentB. FDI substitutionC. Offshore productionD. Home market FDI82. (p. 263) Double taxation isA. Chargin g triple taxes in the home countryB. Charging double taxes in the host countryC. Taxation of income in both home and host countryD. Paying income taxes at twice the normal rate83. (p. 264) _____ are controls over the behavior of the MNEs local subsidiary. A. Performance requirementsB. Ownership restraintsC. Double taxation lawsD. Greenfield restrictions84. (p. 267) Licensing would be a good option for firms in which of thefollowing industries? A. High-technology industries in which protecting firm-specific expertise is of paramount importance and licensing is hazardous B. spheric oligopolies, in which competitive interdependence requires that multinational firms maintain tight control over foreign operations C. Industries in which intense cost pressures require that multinational firms maintain tight control over foreign operations D. In fragmented, low technology industries in which globally dispersed manufacturing is not an option85. (p. 267) _____ is basically the service indu stry version of licensing, although it normally involves much longer term commitments. A. FranchisingB. SubsidizingC. Greenfield investmentD. PatentingEssay Questions86. (p. 242) reason the connection between foreign direct investment and multinational enterprises?Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities to produce and/or market a product in a foreign country. The U.S. Department of Commerce states that FDI occurs whenever a U.S. citizen, organization or affiliated group takes an interest of 10 percent or more in a foreign business entity. Once state undertakes FDI, it becomes a multinational enterprise.87. (p. 242) What are the two forms of foreign direct investment? The two forms of FDI are Greenfield investment or establishing a new operation in a foreign country and mergers and acquisitions whereby a company expands internationally through an existing firm. Acquisitions can be minority, majority or a 100% ownership position. 88. (p. 242) plow the trends in FDI over the last 30 years. Be sure to differentiate between the stock of FDI and the flow if FDI. The flow of FDI refers to the amount of FDI undertaken over a given period, while the stock of FDI refers to the total accumulated value of foreign-owned assets at a given time. Over the last 30years there has been a marked increase in both the flow and the stock of FDI in the world economy. Over this period, the flow of FDI accelerated immobileer than the growth in world trade and world take. 89. (p. 242) Discuss the reasons for the growth in FDI over the last 30 years. FDI has grown more rapidly than world trade and world output for several reasons. First, many companies see FDI as a means of circumventing potential trade barriers. Second, political and economic changes in many of the world developing nations has been encouraging FDI. Finally, the globalization of the world economy is having a positive impact on the volume of FDI as firms now see the whole world as their market. 90. (p. 242-248) What is a Greenfield investment? How does it compare to an acquisition? Which form of FDI is a firm more likely choose? excuse your answer. FDI can take the form of a Greenfield investment in a new facility or an acquisition of or a merger with an existing local firm. Research shows that most FDI takes the form of mergers and acquisitions alternatively than Greenfield investment.Mergers and acquisitions are more popular for three reasons. First, mergers and acquisitions are quicker to execute than Greenfield investments. Second, foreign firms are acquired because those firms have valuable strategic assets. Third, firms make acquisitions because they believe they can increase the efficiency of the acquired firm by transferring capital, technology or management skills. 91. (p. 248) Discuss the shift in FDI from manufacturing to services. What is driving the trend? Over the last twenty dollar bill years, the sector composition of FDI has shifte d from extractive industries and manufacturing toward services. By 2004, some 66 percent of the stock of FDI was in services. Four factors are driving the shift to services. First, the shift reflects the general move in many developed economies away from manufacturing and toward service industries. Second, many services cannot be traded internationally and FDI is a principal was to bring services to foreign markets. Third, many countries have liberalized their regimes governing FDI in services making the option more attractive to firms. Finally, the rise of Internet-based global telecommunications networks has allowed some service enterprises to relocate some of their value creation activities to different nations to take advantage of favorable factor costs.92. (p. 249) Consider why firms selling products with low value-to-weightratios choose FDI over exporting. Products with low value-to-weight ratios such as soft drinks or cement are frequently produced in the market where they ar e consumed. When transportation costs are added to production costs, it becomes unprofitable to shift such products over a long distance. For firms that can produce low value-to-weight products at almost any location the attractiveness of exporting decreases and FDI or licensing becomes more appealing. 93. (p. 250) Discuss the market imperfections explanation of FDI. What is its relationship with internalization theory? Market imperfections or factors that inhibit markets from working perfectly, volunteer a major explanation of why firms prefer FDI to either exporting or licensing. In the international business literature, the marketing imperfections approach is referred to as internalization theory. According to the theory, FDI will be preferred when there are impediments that make both exporting and the sale of know-how difficult and/or expensive. 94. (p. 250) What is licensing? How does it work?Licensing occurs when a domestic firm, the licensor, licenses to a foreign firm, the licensee, the right to produce its product, to use its production processes or to use its brand rear or trademark. In return, the licensor collects royalty fees on every unit the licensee sells or on total licensee revenues. The licensor also benefits from the arrangement in that the licensee bears the cost and risk of expanding into a foreign market. 95. (p. 250) Compare and contrast the advantages of foreign direct investment over exporting and licensing. A firm will favor foreign direct investment over exporting as an entry strategy when transportation costs or trade barriers make exporting unattractive. Furthermore, the firm will favor foreign direct investment over licensing (or franchising) when it wishes to maintain control over its technological know-how or over its operations and business strategy or when the firms capabilities are simply not amenable to licensing, as may often be the case. 96. (p. 251) Consider the imprint that FDI flows are a reflection of strategic riv alry between firms in the global marketplace. What is the main limit of the theory? The strategic behavior approach to explain FDI was initially expounded by Knickerbockers who argued that in an oliogopolistic industry, a follow the leader mentality will prompt firms to pursue FDI when another firm in the industryhas already done so. However, the theory fails to explain why the first firm decided to undertake FDI, rather than export or license. 97. (p. 252)What is multipoint competition? How do firms respond to multipoint competition? Multipoint competition arises when two or more enterprises encounter each other in different regional markets, national markets or industries. Economic theory suggests that firms will try to match each others moves in different markets to try to reach each other in check. If a firm is successful with this strategy, the firm will ensure that a rival does not take a commanding position in one market and then use the profits generated in that market to underwrite competitive attacks in other markets. 98. (p. 252) Explain the product life cycle theory and its connection with FDI. The product life cycle theory, developed by Ray Vernon, suggests that the same firms that pioneer a product in their home country will undertake FDI to produce a product for consumption in foreign markets. According to the theory, firms will invest in modify countries when demand in those countries is sufficient to support local production. They subsequently shift production to developing countries when product standardization and market saturation give rise to price competition and cost pressures. Investment in developing countries, where labor costs are lower is seen as the best way to reduce costs. 99. (p. 252-253) What are location-specific advantages? How do they help explain FDI? Location specific advantages are advantages that arise from using resource endowments or assets that are tied to a particular foreign location and that a firm finds valuabl e to feature with its own unique assets. Natural resources such as oil and minerals for example, are specific to certain locations. Firms must undertake FDI to exploit such foreign resources. 100. (p. 253) Explain John Dunnings position on FDI. What is the eclectic paradigm? John Dunning has argued that to fully understand FDI it is important to consider the role of location specific advantages.According to Dunning, a firm will be prompted to undertake FDI in an effort to exploit assets that are specific to a particular location. Dunnings theory, the eclectic paradigm, combines the arguments of internalization theory with the notion of location-specific advantages to suggest that combining location-specific assets or resource endowments and the firms own unique capabilities often requires the firm to establish production facilities where the foreign assets or resource endowments arelocated. 101. (p. 254-256) Discuss the various political ideologies and their impact on foreign direc t investment. The radical view writers argue that the multinational enterprise (MNE) is an instrument of imperialist domination. The free market view argues that international production should be distributed among countries according to the theory of comparative advantage.The pragmatic nationalist view is that FDI has both benefits and costs. The radical view has a dogmatic radical stance that is hostile to all inward FDI The free market view is at the other extreme and based on noninterventionist principle of free market economics. Between these two extremes is an approach called pragmatic nationalism. 102. (p. 257-262) Discuss the benefits and costs of FDI from the perspective of a host country and from the perspective of the home country. The main benefits of inward FDI for a host country arise from resource-transfer effects, employment effects, balance-of-payments effects and effects on competition and economic growth. Three costs of FDI concern host countries. They arise from executable adverse effects on competition within the host nation, adverse effects on the balance of payments and the perceived loss of national sovereignty and autonomy. The benefits of FDI to the home (source) country arise from three sources. First, the home countrys balance of payments benefits from the inward flow of foreign earnings. Second, benefits to the home country from outward FDI arise from employment effects. Third, benefits arise when the home-country MNE learns valuable skills from its exposure to foreign markets that can subsequently be transferred back to the home country. The most important cost/concern of FDI for the home country centers on the balance-of-payments and employment effects of outward FDI.103. (p. 266-267) exposit the situations when licensing is not a good option for a firm. Licensing is not a good option in three situations. First, licensing is hazardous in high-tech industries where protecting firm-specific expertise is very important. Second, li censing is not attractive in global oligopolies where tight control is necessary so that firms have the ability to launch coordinated attacks against global competitors. Finally, in industries where intense cost pressures require that MNEs maintain tight control over foreign operations, licensing is not the best option. 104. (p. 267) What is franchising? What type of firm usesfranchising as a means of expanding into foreign markets? Franchising is essentially the service-industry version of licensing. With franchising, the firm licenses its brand name to a foreign firm in return for a percentage of the franchisees profits. The franchising contract specifies the conditions that the franchisee must fulfill if it is to use the franchisors brand name. Franchise agreements usually have a longer time commitment than do licensing arrangements. Franchising is common in the fast food industry because fast food cannot be exported, because franchising minimizes the costs and risks associated w ith opening a foreign market, because brand names are comparatively easy to protect, because there is no compelling reason for a firm to have tight control over franchisees and because fast food know-how is easily transferred.105. (p. 267) How useful are the product life cycle theory and Knickerbockers theory of horizontal FDI to business? The product life cycle theory and Knickerbockers theory of horizontal FDI to business are not particularly useful from a business perspective because the theories are descriptive rather than analytical. The theories are useful for explaining historical patterns of FDI, but they do a poor job of identifying the factors that influence the relative probability of FDI, licensing and exporting.