'Reasons of Accidents and the Ways of Reducing Accidents\r'

'CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE brush up 1. Definition of Total prime(prenominal) caution (TQM) There are numerous, widespread, diverse and frequently fashionable initiatives that potenti eachy help manuf solveuring arrangements in implementing non-homogeneous best class periods in trading operations prudence. Examples of these initiatives include add together intersection pointive nourishment (TPM), total role commission (TQM), Kanban, 5S, sixer sigma, Kaizen and short letter process re-engineering (BPR) (Ashutosh Tiwari, 2007).These criteria is a winner stories to implement in this initiatives and make boththing is passing play hearty. Critical factor in the earnment of operations tapering projects is a prodigal but comprehensive analysis of the occurrent practices or structure in the club (Ashutosh Tiwari, 2007). Table 2: Definition of Japanese Terms. Initiative |Core Ideas | |5S |Organisation and master(prenominal)tain (Hirano, 1996) | |TPM |Continuous improveme nt of equipment and processes (Campbell, 1995) | |TQM |Right for the first time time (Oakland, 2003) | |Six sigma |Systematic and uninterrupted improvement (Pande, 2001) | |JIT (Kanban) |Remove inventory buffers that baffle learning (Ono, 1988) | |Kaizen |Cost reduction finished the elimination of waste (Imai, 1986) | |BPR |Reduction of complexness of workf showtime (Hammer, 2001) | Total fibre charge (TQM) has been authoritative as a train instruction process in exertion in order to cope with the swops in marketplace and to concentre on flavour in both their carrefours as healthful as their dos (Venkatraman, 2007). While applying TQM doctrine to their boldnesss, some managers think that holding is operate by internal productivity programs or fragmentizeicipative way programs which may deviate from their spunk business and client focus resulting in make up overruns. But this is wrong perceptual experience by managers because with TQM all the process and prod uct step increasing and win â€Å" zip fastener defect” purpose.However, tone depose non be inspected into an item-by-item unit of the product after it has been made. The practice of inspecting products after they are made has, therefore, been replaced rapidly by the broader view that tint moldiness be built into a product, from the chassis stage through all resultant stages of manufacture and assembly. Because products are made by using several manufacturing processes, each of which can stool significant variations in its consummation even in spite of appearance a suddenly period of time, the cut back of processes is a vital factor in product quality. frankincense the objective should be to control processes not products. flavour has various meanings attached and the focus varies from one educational setting to another.Among the various elements of TQM, node focus, process orientation and day-and-night improvements are the most common philosophies that fee l direct implications for teaching and learning in higher(prenominal) education (Venkatraman, 2007). The general description of total quality prudence (TQM) as a philosophy that would enable an scheme consistently to stand the needs of customers is accepted worldwide by manufacturing executives as a strategic concept for organisational survival. However, reaching the TQM cultivation is a continuing challenge for manufacturing executives (Nwabueze, An labor Betrayed: the case of total quality counsel in manufacturing, 2011).Deming notes that everyone in the organisation from carousel to bottom, from office to technical helpers, from headquarters to local anesthetic sites essential be involved. He promote suggested that people are the source of ideas and innovation, therefore, their expertise, experience, experience and sense of duty hand to be harnessed to the benefit of the organisation (Nwabueze, An sedulousness Betrayed: the case of total quality solicitude in manu facturing, 2011). Total quality charge (TQM) principles and techniques are now a well accepted part of almost every managers â€Å"tool kit’’ (Dow, 1999). reference is to receive customers requirements continuously; total quality is to achieve quality at low cost and TQM is to obtain total quality by involving everyones daily commitment (W. H. Ip, 1999).Henderson gives a rendering on TQM to include (Henderson, 1992): a) Total gist: everyone in every function within the company accepts responsibility for the quality of his take output; b) attribute office: abidance to agreed customer requirements; and c) focussing means: for any major business strategy, it is management led but with a inexpugnable involvement of employees. TQM has been castd as a parvenu model of thinking in business management, a comprehensive tendency to improve organizational performance and quality an alternative to the â€Å"management by control” and much recently, as a chang e of paradigm (Fco. Javier Llore? ns Montes, 2003).TQM is one of the numerous forms of management models or concepts that emerged and took form during the 1980s and 1990s, mayhap even the most commonly utilise concept during this period. forethought concept is not only the toolkit for â€Å"trouble shooting” and ameliorate organisation efficiency, but can to a fault be seen as a attribute giving the organisations higher credibility. (Harnesk, 2007) Examination of the pertinency of TQM concepts to product and service organisations suggests that there is try of greater ease of adoption, and more likely success, within product establish companies than with service based organisations, though there is no reason in principle why this should be so. A service organisation is as much dependant on satisfying its customers as a product company, if not more so.A service organisation such as an airline go external be vulnerable to immediate customer dissatisf attain with such in adequacies of performance as lateness of arrival, off-handedness of lag and the disappearance of luggage. (Reavill, 1999) This sortie into the area of merchandise get along with products brings us back to the points flagged at the beginning of this paper, the small/ medium surface enterprises (SMEs), and the new-made-fashionedly industrialised countries (NICs). With a mature product, a marketing strategy would be to increase the share of the current market, and to take on new markets. (Reavill, New applications for TQM, 1999) There is in like manner other development connected to TQM. TQM is a concept that has traditionally been connected to business life, commercialisedised and industrial organizations for manufacturing and production.However, the domain of TQM is changing, and TQM has been employ besides to public issues. Research has been conducted in the area of managing the third sector, such as non-profit organizations (Hudson, 1995; Lyons, 2001; Nutt and Backoff, 1992; Mertens, 1999). Reavill (1999) discusses the current status and possible in store(predicate) of TQM as a major management concept. Consequently, the diametrical views of the evolution of TQM and the different views of the definitions of TQM pose problems both for those practitioners who are applying TQM, and for those theorists who are canvas TQM. There are consequences when discussing the effectiveness, use and benefit of TQM.The development of TQM implies new definitions, or modifications of alive definitions, for instance, the interpretation of the word customer. (Bjarne Bergquist, 2005) wiz of the main goals of a business is to stay in business and to be profitable to its owners. opposite goals may be that the work surroundings should be good, that customers are satisfied, that the company has a good reputation and provides jobs. If the business is a loss, the other goals are of low value, as the business will go bankrupt. The sizeable question for companies ab out to implement new strategies or working methods is thus a good deal â€Å"Will it pay? ” This is a vexed question to answer, but some have tried. Bjarne Bergquist, TQM and results as profit in commercial organizations, 2005) When studying the literary criticism against the use of TQM in the education sector, it seems that it can be divided into at least two different forms and that the criticism emanates from different perspectives. One of these forms is the criticism of the transfer of concepts from one context to another. One example is the introduction of methods and adaptation to ways of thinking and values that were developed in goods producing companies. Another form of criticism is also connected to the transfer of TQM to a new area, but also based upon an ideological view. In this paper the use of TQM in educational organizations is seen as a part of an economization within the education area. Bjarne Bergquist, TQM in the educational sector, 2005) Increased cu stomer sophistication and the globalization of business activities are forcing business organizations to re-engineer their cultures, operations and systems to support customer-focused and quality-driven competitive business strategies. Manufacturing organizations have successfully deployed total quality management (TQM) practices in support of strategic choices (Spitzer, 1993; Flynn et al. , 1995; Au and Choi, 1999; Tata and Prasad, 1998; Prajogo and Sohal, 2001; Powell, 1995). In this context, however, service organizations are slake lagging behind their manufacturing counter part in equipment casualty of their strategic commitment to TQM (Au and Choi, 1999; Dotzour and Lengnick-Hall, 1996; Sohal, 1994; Shortell et al. , 1995).The apparent vacillation of service organizations to utilize TQM based-strategies is alarming, especially in light of the increased significance of the service sector to national and global economies. (Mahmoud M. Yasin, 2004) [pic] double 1 A conceptual example for TQM instruction execution and benefit in a service operational setting (Mahmoud M. Yasin, 2004) What is quality? There are various well-known(a) definitions of quality. (Crosby, 1979) define quality as â€Å" compliance to requirement” while (Juran, 1980) define quality as â€Å"fitness for use”. Quality as â€Å"a predictable layer of uniformity and dependability at low cost and suited to the market” is more towards quality in operation (Deming, 1986).Many organisations found that the old definition of quality, â€Å"the degree of abidance to a standard”, was too sign up and consequently have come oned to use a new definition of quality in terms of â€Å"customer focus”. It is inform that some(prenominal) companies had initially concentrated all their efforts on improving internal processes with little or no regard for the human relationships in the midst of those processes and the organization’s ultimate customers. T his loser to include the customer focus had resulted in companies struggling hard to survive and resorting to fire-fighting situations. (Fincher, 1994) describe how quality perspectives have evolved in higher education over the years by going through a vex from experience to technique to style and ultimately to process.Quality as overall is to achieve customer needs and demand where must start in the beginning process of manufacturing to meet the requirement and fit with the machine potentiality to get the quality output and of mark should meet the standard of conformance. Quality has a variety of meanings and it range of meanings that will enigmatical each individual’s erudition of quality but the important things is to achieve customer needs and satisfaction. Quality also as a discern attribute that customers use to evaluate products and services which has emerged as a vital point of management focus in many parts of the world. The emergence of quality as a top prio rity in many corporate entities is primarily due to the globalisation of world trade and the competitive insistency brought about by the escalating demands of consumers, who want fall in products and services (Zairi, 2001).Quality is the increased awareness of older executives, who have begun recognising that quality is a key strategic issue and an important focus for all levels of the organisation (Crosby P. , 2001). The implication of Dr Wellers action suggest that the chief executives position to TQM must be â€Å"hands on” (Nwabueze, 2001). Because our attitudes greatly influence people around us, managements attitude tells employees what is expected of them and what they can get away with. On the basis of my analysis, a new model of lead requirements for TQM in healthcare is proposed, can see Figure 1. (Nwabueze, antique executives ± hear thyselves: lead requirements for 5-S/TQM implementation in healthcare, 2001) [pic] Figure 1: Model of leadership requiremen ts for TQM in healthcare. Nwabueze, chief executives ± hear thyselves: leadership requirements for 5-S/TQM implementation in healthcare, 2001) Works Cited Ashutosh Tiwari, C. T. (2007). A good example for implementing cost and quality practices within manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Managemen , 732. Bjarne Bergquist, M. F. (2005). TQM: terrific quality marvel or tragic quality malpractice? , 311. Bjarne Bergquist, M. F. (2005). TQM and results as profit in commercial organizations. TQM: terrific quality marvel or tragic quality malpractice? , 312. Campbell, J. (1995). Uptime: Strategies for Excellence in Maintenance Management (Step-by-step Approach to TPM Implementation). productivity Press Inc. , 733. Crosby, P. (2001).Lets Talk Quality: 96 Questions that You Always Wanted to Ask Phil Crosby. planetary Journal of Quality & dependableness Management , 290. Crosby, P. (1979). Quality Is Free. McGraw-Hill , 94. Deming, W. (1986). Out of Crisis. Cambrid ge University Press , 94. Dow, D. S. (1999). Exploring the novel: Do all quality management practices contribute to superior quality performance. business and Operations Management , 25. Fco. Javier Llore? ns Montes, A. V. (2003). Factors affecting the relationship between total quality management and organizational performance. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management , 189. Fincher, C. (1994).Quality and diversity: the mystique of process. shew of Higher Education , 94. Hammer, M. a. (2001). Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution. HarperBusiness , 733. Harnesk, R. (2007). Management concepts and models. TQM: an act of balance between contradictions , 532. Henderson, G. (1992). The First trust to Win a British Award. Quality Forum , 315. Hirano, H. (1996). 5S for Operators: 5 Pillars of the Visual work (for your Organization! ). productivity Press Inc. , 733. Imai, M. (1986). Kaizen: The samara to Japan’s Competitive Su ccess. McGraw-Hill , 733. Juran, J. a. (1980). Quality Planning and Analysis. McGraw-Hill , 94.Nwabueze, U. (2011). An Industry Betrayed: the case of total quality management in manufacturing. The TQM clip , 400. Nwabueze, U. (2001). Chief executives ± hear thyselves: leadership requirements for 5-S/TQM implementation in healthcare. Managerial Auditing Journal , 407. Nwabueze, U. (2001). Chief executives ± hear thyselves: leadership requirements for 5-S/TQM implementation in healthcare. Managerial Auditing Journal , 409. Oakland, J. (2003). TQM: Text with Cases. Butterworth-Heinemann , 733. Ono, T. a. (1988). Toyota mathematical product System: Beyond Large-scale Production. Productivity Press Inc. , 733. Pande, P. a. (2001). What is Six Sigma?McGraw-Hill , 733. Reavill, L. R. (1999). New applications for TQM. What is the incoming direction of TQM development? , 296. Reavill, L. R. (1999). TQM, an established management. What is the prospective direction of TQM development? , 292 -293. Venkatraman, S. (2007). A framework for implementing TQM in higher education programs. Quality Assurance in Education , 93. W. H. Ip, K. C. (1999). Enhancing Manufacturing development Management Through TQM. Logistics Information Management , 315. Zairi, T. T. (2001). A proposed model of TQM implementation based on an empirical study of Malayan industry. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management , 289.\r\n'

'Stephen Colbert on American Jobs\r'

'Stephen Colbert on the Statesn Jobs In Stephen Colbert’s book, the States Again, Re-Becoming the Gr w beness We Never Weren’t, he duologue al approximately(prenominal) a wide start of problems in American society. They range from tasks to faculty to healthc be, and of course, they argon all written in a satirical sense. In the imprimatur chapter, Colbert and his writers talk about commerces in America. They talk over the problem of theorises macrocosm shipped overseas to countries alike(p) India and China and Colbert puts forth his â€Å"solutions” to the problems, which mostly take setting up sweatshops in America.He too dialog about job interviews and how to be successful at them. Colbert and his staff of writers intent a wide range of rummy techniques in the book as a whole and in the chapter on jobs to roast the American culture and government. One risible technique Colbert subprograms in the jobs chapter is reduction. Reduction is esse ntially belittling or degrading someone. rough the beginning of the chapter, there is a scenery of Barack Obama macrocosm captioned as apprize Carter.While Jimmy Carter was a decent death chair and umpteen an(prenominal) historians agree that he didn’t do anything bad, he is widely remembered for not doing frequently of anything during his one term as president except failing to get the Americans that were being held hostage in Iran out safely. Barack Obama has a similar record of inactivity in his first term, so the book captions Obama as Carter to essentially say that Obama didn’t do much in his first term as president.Throughout the chapter and the whole book, Colbert and his writers physical exertion cyphers to their returns. This is a general technique in badinage because it’s escaped to get your marrow across using pictures. They are usually fairly simple, quick to look at, and easy to understand the meaning of. Colbert overly uses apes to his advantage in the chapter on jobs. A caricature is usually some sort of picture of the someone or group being ribd with their much than unsightly features being greatly exaggerated. It is a mutual technique use by ironists.Near the beginning of the chapter, there is a picture of an Indian woman difference through the Kama Sutra exercises, a very mature series of exercises use to strengthen the body and mind, while meeting at a call center. Through this picture, Colbert is talking about the problem of American jobs being shipped overseas. He as well as has a picture of a howler monkey named Bobo running a human resources division at a company. There is a common stump against human resources de surgical incisionments for not doing much work and do the employees’ lives difficult.The howler monkey is vatical to represent the HR department because it would be impossible to work with a monkey. Bobo heretofore goes so further as to eat an employee’s pa perwork, the equivalent of an HR department losing your paperwork. While pictures are of great use in satire, voice communication can be just as effective if used properly. One technique Colbert and his writers use is burlesque, or the treating of a serious matter in a joking or flippant way. Burlesque is used throughout the chapter, only if is used the most in the part about job interviews.Job interviews are super important, for they can make the difference amongst being hired for a job and not getting a job. In our current economy, interviews have become counterbalance more important because people are often in dire need of employment. Colbert devotes several pages to telling readers how to conduct a good interview. He tells the reader how legion(predicate) handshakes they should give, proper dress, and even how to appeal to the interviewer. Colbert also says to repeat the interviewer’s name umteen ms.He says â€Å"Make a point of repeat your interviewer’s name as many times as possible as soon as you hear it” (Colbert 44). Colbert is essentially saying that by repeating the interviewer’s name, you’re flattering them, a common technique used by job seekers in interviews. Colbert satirizes the interview process as whole because he sees it as a joke and formality. He believes, and many testament agree with him, that getting a job depends on flattery and connections with the interviewer. A fourth technique used by Colbert in the jobs chapter is reductio ad absurdum.This technique involves the satirist gambleing to take the side of the person or group he or she is mocking in an attempt to besides humiliate their subject. In the chapter, Colbert pretends to support sweatshops and merchant marine jobs overseas. He even goes so far as to suggest putting sweatshops in America and disbanding unions. In one of Colbert’s â€Å"truth punches” he says â€Å"The minimum charter ruined the proud American tra dition of the sweatshop. You start paying American workers a minimum wage, the next thing you accredit they’re demanding air-conditioning and less flammable shirtwaist materials” (Colbert 30).The conditions he describes are very common in sweatshops around the world and are obviously a huge health and safety hazard. However, they make manufacturing cheaper and the lack of cut into laws allows them to force their employees to work in the aforementioned(prenominal) conditions. Colbert pretends to support these views because by doing so he can make gambling of them more effectively. Also, he highlights the uttermost(a) working conditions because by doing so, he can show the fatuity of both sweatshops and the argument for them.He can pretend to support horrible working conditions and liquid be viewed as humorous because everyone knows that those conditions are inhumane. One characteristic of satire that Colbert and his writers use in the jobs chapter is obscenity. A t the beginning, he makes fun of the Rosie the Riveter, a common figure for egg-producing(prenominal) empowerment during World War II. He describes Rosie as â€Å"History’s most thinly veiled lesbian-I have worked lumbering to remain ignorant of whatever subvert act ‘riveting’ is” (Colbert 21).He also talks about Alan Greenspan’s scrotum and puts in a picture of it. The obscenity does not rattling have any purpose in satirizing Americans and their jobs. It’s there mostly for the rice beer of making the reader laugh and take to continue. Exaggeration is easily one of the most common, if not the most common, characteristics of satire. The chapter and the book as a whole are alter with exaggerations of varying amounts. He uses a â€Å" refer” of Ayn Rand’s, which says â€Å"Any man using the words of another is an unthinkable parasite worthy of contempt and death” (Colbert 25).Obviously Ayn Rand never say this; itâ⠂¬â„¢s a rather extreme thing to say and would have discredited her credibility. Colbert uses exaggeration in this instance to satirize Rand’s views of the working American. She is widely cognize for being a conservative and scorning Americans who sham’t work and live dispatch of the benefits of society. Colbert also uses this quote as an luck to take another swing at the Republicans. By making fun of a popular conservative, he is, by association, making fun of conservatives as a whole.The dash of satire that Colbert and his writers use is a monologue. In a monologue, the satirist speaks from behind a mask. In America Again, Colbert is the narrator, and he uses this mail to satirize more freely. By staying as himself, he can use the fibre he has on his tv show, and he doesn’t need to spend time creating a character to speak through. This is also advantageous when using the reductio ad absurdum technique because most readers will already know that he doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t sincerely support the side he’s pretending to be on, and they can appreciate the comedy more.The chapter on jobs was very mirthful and did a good job of satirizing American jobs and American’s views on jobs. He satirizes how Americans preach the need to bring jobs cover to America from countries like India and China, but no one is willing to lose capital by investing in more expensive American workers. Works Cited Colbert, Stephen, Michael C. Brumm, and Andrew Matheson. â€Å"Jobs. ” America Again: Re-becoming the Greatness We Never Werent. youthful York: Grand Central Pub. , 2012. 16-47. Print.\r\n'